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    Actually each cert only links one level -- EE links to inter and inter links to root, or it could link to a higher intermediate that in turn links to root -- but it is true that by default openssl verify requires all certs above the one being verified to be in the truststore (CAfile, CAdir, or in 3.0 up CAstore) so inter<root works but EE<inter or EE<root doesn't. Since 1.0.2 (documented since 1.1.0) there is an option -partial_chain and with that EE<inter works but EE<root still doesn't Commented Feb 27 at 4:11
  • Compare security.stackexchange.com/questions/118062/… and cross serverfault.com/questions/582438/… Commented Feb 27 at 4:21
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    One more bit I temporarily forgot: verify requires everything above the to-be-verified to be either in the truststore OR supplied by the -untrusted option, but that is rarely used. The root, or other anchor with partial_chain, must be specifically in the truststore. Commented Feb 27 at 4:51