Assuming your find supports it, use the -execdir option instead of -exec
find . -type f -name 'foo' -execdir pwd \; This will change into each directory in turn, and if there's a foo file present there it will run pwd.
NB You cannot repurpose this solution for running commands inside directories named foo. For that you'd need to revert to a simple -exec sh -c '...' approach, iterating across the args supplied to sh and using cd for each in turn:
find . -type d -name 'foodir' -exec sh -c ' for d in "$@"; do ( cd "$d" || exit; pwd ); done ' _ {} +