Unreliable Entity List
The Unreliable Entity List (Chinese: 不可靠实体清单; pinyin: Bù Kěkào Shítǐ Qīngdān) is a Chinese government sanctions system announced by the Ministry of Commerce on 31 May 2019. Its specific provisions were officially released on 19 September 2020. The Ministry of Commerce stated that foreign enterprises, organizations or individuals that do not comply with market rules, violate the spirit of contracts, block or cut off supplies to Chinese enterprises for non-commercial purposes, and seriously damage the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises will be included in the list. Individuals and entities included in the list will be fined and restricted from traveling to China.
History
[edit]On 31 May 2019, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Commerce stated that, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations, China will establish an “unreliable entity list” system. The spokesperson said that foreign companies, organizations or individuals that do not comply with market rules, violate the spirit of contracts, impose blockades or supply cuts on Chinese companies for non-commercial purposes, or seriously damage the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese companies would be included in the unreliable entity list.[1] On June 8, 2019, according to The New York Times, the National Development and Reform Commission held a meeting with American, British and South Korean technology companies such as Microsoft, Dell, Samsung and SK Hynix. Representatives from the Ministry of Commerce and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology also attended. The New York Times quoted sources as saying that the Chinese government representatives clearly warned at the meeting that if any company wanted to withdraw its production lines from China, exceed the standard purpose of safe dispersal, or participate in the implementation of the United States government's sanctions on China, it could be included in the unreliable entity list and be punished.[2] On 19 September 2020, China officially released the "Regulations on the Unreliable Entities List". Foreign entities included in the unreliable entities list may be restricted or prohibited from engaging in import and export activities related to China, or from investing in China.[3]
Content
[edit]The regulations of the Ministry of Commerce state that, in order to safeguard national sovereignty, security and development interests, maintain a fair and free international economic and trade order, and protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises, other organizations or individuals, the "Regulations on the Unreliable Entities List" are formulated in accordance with the Foreign Trade Law, the National Security Law and other relevant laws. The Ministry stated that China would establish a working mechanism with the participation of relevant departments of the central government to be responsible for the organization and implementation of the unreliable entities list system and to decide whether to investigate the behavior of relevant foreign entities. Foreign entities included in the unreliable entities list may, depending on the actual situation, decide to take one or more of the following measures:[3][4]
- Restricting or prohibiting it from engaging in import and export activities related to China;
- Restricting or prohibiting its investment in China;
- Restricting or prohibiting the entry of its relevant personnel, means of transport, etc.;
- Restrict or cancel the work permits, stay or residence qualifications of their relevant personnel in China;
- A fine of appropriate amount shall be imposed according to the severity of the circumstances;
- Other necessary measures.
Inclusion criteria
[edit]According to a 2020 order issued by the Ministry of Commerce, the Chinese government will take into account the following factors when deciding whether to include an entity in the "Unreliable Entities List":[4][non-primary source needed]
- Does the entity's behavior stem from non-commercial purposes and violate market rules, the spirit of contracts, and internationally accepted trade and economic rules?
- Does this entity engage in any actions such as imposing blockades, supply disruptions, or other discriminatory measures against Chinese entities?
- Does the entity's behavior stem from non-commercial purposes and violate market rules, the spirit of contracts, and internationally accepted trade and economic rules?
- Does the entity's actions cause substantial damage to the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises, other organizations, or individuals?
- Does this entity pose a threat or harm to China's national sovereignty, security, or development interests?
- Other factors that to be considered.
List
[edit]As of 9 October 2025, a total of 72 entities (all of which are from the United States) were included in the Unreliable Entities List, of which 55 were under sanctions. Except for two entities that were retaliated against by the second Trump administration for imposing tariffs on China, the rest were sanctioned for United States arms sales to Taiwan.
| Date | Country/Region | Entity | Restrictions | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Travel restrictions[note 1] | Trade restrictions[note 2] | Investment restrictions[note 3] | ||||
| 16 February 2023 | .png){kind=small} United States | Lockheed Martin Corporation | Yes | Yes | Yes | [5] |
| Raytheon Missiles & Defense | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 20 May 2024 | General Atomics Aeronautical Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| General Dynamics Land Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Boeing Defense, Space & Security | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 2 January 2025 | General Dynamics Information Technology | Yes | Yes | Yes | [6] | |
| General Dynamics Mission Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Laboratory | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Lockheed Martin Aeronautics | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Lockheed Martin Missile System Integration Laboratory | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Lockheed Martin Ventures | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Raytheon/Lockheed Martin Javelin Joint Venture | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Raytheon Missile Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 14 January 2025 | Anduril Industries | Yes | Yes | Yes | [7] | |
| Applied Technologies Group | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Axient | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Inter-Coastal Electronics | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| IronMountain Solutions | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Maritime Tactical Systems | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| System Studies & Simulation | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 15 January 2025 | Aevex Aerospace | Yes | Yes | Yes | [8] | |
| LKD Aerospace | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Pacific Rim Defense | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Summit Technologies, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 4 February 2025 | Illumina, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | [9] | |
| PVH Corp. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 4 March 2025[note 4] | ACT1 Federal | Yes | Yes | Yes | [11] | |
| Cubic Corporation | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Exovera | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Huntington Ingalls Industries Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Planate Management Group | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| S3 AeroDefense | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Stick Rudder Enterprises LLC | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| TCOM, Limited Partnership | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Teledyne Brown Engineering, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| TextOre | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 4 April 2025[note 5] | BRINC Drones, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | [14] | |
| Domo Tactical Communications | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Firestorm Labs, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| HavocAI | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Insitu, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Kratos Unmanned Aerial Systems, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Neros Technologies | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Rapid Flight LLC | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Red Six Solutions | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Skydio Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| SYNEXXUS, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 9 April 2025[note 6] | Cyberlux Corporation | Yes | Yes | Yes | [15] | |
| Edge Autonomy Operations LLC | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Group W | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Hudson Technologies Co. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Shield AI, Inc. | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Sierra Nevada Corporation | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| 25 September 2025 | Aerkomm Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | [16] | |
| Oceaneering International, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Saronic Technologies, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| 9 October 2025 | AeroVironment, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | [17] | |
| Alliant Techsystems Operations LLC | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| BAE Systems, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Cubic Global Defense | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Dedrone by Axon | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| DZYNE Technologies | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Elbit Systems of America, LLC | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Epirus, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Exelis Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Halifax International Security Forum | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Recorded Future, Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| TechInsights Inc.[note 7] | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Teledyne FLIR, LLC | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| VSE Corporation | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| 14 October 2025 | Hanwha Shipping LLC | No | Yes | Yes | [18] | |
| Hanwha Philly Shipyard Inc. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Hanwha Ocean USA International LLC | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| Hanwha Shipping Holdings LLC | No | Yes | Yes | |||
| HS USA Holdings Corp. | No | Yes | Yes | |||
Notes
[edit]- ^ Listed companies' executives are prohibited from entering mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau, and existing work or residency permits are cancelled
- ^ Listed companies are prohibited from engaging in import and export trade with mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau
- ^ Prohibits new investments by listed companies in mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau
- ^ The sanctions are ceased since 10 November 2025.[10]
- ^ The sanctions are suspended since 14 May 2025 for 90 days,[12] and extended since 12 August 2025 for another 90 days,[13] and extended since 10 November 2025 for one year.[10]
- ^ The sanctions are suspended since 14 May 2025,[12] and ceased since 12 August 2025.[13]
- ^ Including the following subsidiaries: TechInsights Europe Limited, TechInsights Europe Sp zo.o, TechInsights Japan KK, TechInsights USA Inc, TechInsights Korea Co. Ltd., TechInsights Market Analysis Limited, SARL Strategy Analytics, Strategy Analytics GmbH Market Research and Management Consulting, SARI Strategy Analytics Private Limited
References
[edit]- ^ 何书睿. "商务部：中国将建立不可靠实体清单制度". Guancha (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2019-05-31. Retrieved 2019-05-31.
- ^ 美国之音 (9 June 2019). "中国向美英韩科技公司发出警告". Voice of America (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2019-06-16.
- ^ a b "中国公布不可靠实体清单制度 对"违反正常市场交易原则"的外国实体采取措施". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
- ^ a b "商务部令2020年第4号 不可靠实体清单规定". www.mofcom.gov.cn. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
- ^ "《不可靠实体清单规则》执法对标国际规则" (in Chinese). Zhong Lun Law Firm. May 20, 2024. 2023年2月16日，国家商务部首次增列不可靠实体，将参与对台湾地区军售的洛克希德·马丁公司（Lockheed Martin Corporation）、雷神导弹与防务公司（Raytheon Missiles & Defense）列入不可靠实体清单。 [On February 16, 2023, the Ministry of Commerce added for the first time an unreliable entity to the list of unreliable entities, Lockheed Martin Corporation and Raytheon Missiles & Defense, which participated in arms sales to Taiwan.]
- ^ "商务部：对10家美国企业采取不可靠实体清单措施". 新华网客户端 (in Chinese). 2025-01-02. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
- ^ "不可靠实体清单工作机制关于对海岸间电子公司等7家美国企业采取不可靠实体清单措施的公告". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-01-14. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
- ^ "我国将4家美国实体列入不可靠实体清单". Xinhua News (in Chinese). 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-01-15.
- ^ "China puts PVH Corp, Illumina on its unreliable entity list". Reuters. 4 February 2025. Retrieved 4 February 2025.
- ^ a b "商务部新闻发言人就调整不可靠实体清单措施答记者问". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-11-05. Retrieved 2025-11-05.
- ^ "不可靠实体清单工作机制关于将特科姆公司等10家美国企业列入不可靠实体清单的公告". Ministry of Commerce. 2025-03-04. Retrieved 2025-03-04.
- ^ a b "商务部新闻发言人就暂停17家美国实体不可靠实体清单措施答记者问". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-05-14. Retrieved 2025-05-15.
- ^ a b "商务部新闻发言人就调整不可靠实体清单措施答记者问". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-08-12. Retrieved 2025-08-12.
- ^ "不可靠实体清单工作机制关于将斯凯迪奥公司等11家美国企业列入不可靠实体清单的公告". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
- ^ "不可靠实体清单工作机制关于将护盾人工智能公司等6家美国企业列入不可靠实体清单的公告". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-04-09. Retrieved 2025-04-09.
- ^ "不可靠实体清单工作机制关于将萨罗尼克科技公司等3家美国企业列入不可靠实体清单的公告". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. 2025-09-25. Retrieved 2025-09-26.
- ^ "14家外国实体被列入不可靠实体清单". 第一财经. 2025-10-09. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
- ^ "中华人民共和国商务部令二〇二五年第6号 关于对韩华海洋株式会社5家美国相关子公司采取反制措施的决定". www.mofcom.gov.cn. Retrieved 2025-12-10.