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Consider the wave equation in the x-direction: $$ \rho\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}=\frac{\sigma_{xx}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma_{xy}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma_{xz}}{\partial x} \tag{1} $$ where $\rho$ is the density of the medium and $\sigma_{xx},\sigma_{xy},\sigma_{xz}$ are stresses acting on the face perpendicular to the x-axis, and point to the x, y and z directions, respectively.

This wave equation is essential equivalent to Newton's second law of motion: $$ m \times a \tag{2} = F_1 $$ where $m$ and $a$ are mass and acceleration of a point mass, and $F_1$ is the force giving rise to the acceleration. Here I changed the order of the sides of the equation to make the terms in (2) correspond with the terms in (1).

Now, to account for the source generating the wave, my textbook says we add a source term to the RHS of equation (1): $$ \rho\frac{\partial^2u}{\partial t^2}=\frac{\sigma_{xx}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma_{xy}}{\partial x}+\frac{\sigma_{xz}}{\partial x} +\rho F_2 \tag{3} $$ Here, I understand that $F_2$ is the source that gives rise to the wave (please correct me if that's incorrect).

My question is how adding $\rho F_2$ represents the source generating the wave? All I see if that we just added an arbitrary term to the RHS of equation (2) and if we compare equation (3) to Newton's second law, it is equivalent to: $$ m \times a = F_1 + F_2 $$ which seems redundant to me.

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    $\begingroup$ In the wave equation without sources, the forces are the restoring forces of the “waving” medium itself. The source term is an external force being applied to the medium. So you are right that it is like ma=F1+F2. Just that F1 is internal force, and F2 external. And together they determine a. $\endgroup$ Commented yesterday
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    $\begingroup$ If you think of the simpler example of a 1D harmonic oscillator, a mass on a spring, there you have ma=-kx. The right hand side is the force of the spring on the mass, both of which together make up “the system”. Now if you want to model what happens if you push on the mass, the spring will still push on the mass, but you are too. So together the sum of the spring force and your force determine the acceleration. Then $ma=-kx+F_{you}$. The wave equation with sources is the same concept, just with continuously distributed masses and “springs” and external forces. $\endgroup$ Commented yesterday

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We can suppose a body at rest on the ground, and $F_2$ as the force of gravity acting on each volume element. In a static situation the LHS is zero. If vibration is not negligible it is not zero.

But the "source" term should be $F_2$, or $\rho g$ in the case of gravity force. $\rho F_2$ is dimensionally wrong.

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