Yes, there is a separate repository for stable kernels; this is where you’ll find all the branches that start when a given mainline kernel is released, and tags such as v5.10.45.
The process for submitting a patch to the stable kernels is described in the kernel documentation (but that doesn’t make your question stupid). The short version is that patches can be backported from the mainline kernel to stable branches, by submitting them to [email protected], with an explanation of why they are relevant for a stable kernel.
Patches submitted to stable kernels will usually be applied to all current stable branches for which they are relevant. Fixes are usually accepted (see the rules in the documentation), but newer mainstream drivers aren’t. (However, a number of distributions allow new mainstream drivers in their own long-term kernels.)