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La France Insoumise

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France Unbowed
La France Insoumise
AbbreviationLFI
FI
CoordinatorManuel Bompard
FounderJean-Luc Mélenchon
Founded10 February 2016; 9 years ago (2016-02-10)
Split fromLeft Party
NewspaperL'Insoumission Hebdo (until 2022)
Membership (2017)Increase 540,000[needs update]
Ideology
Political positionLeft-wing[A]
National affiliation
European affiliationEuropean Left Alliance for the People and the Planet
Now the People !
European Parliament groupThe Left in the European Parliament
Colours  Purple
National Assembly
71 / 577
Senate
0 / 348
European Parliament (French seats)
9 / 81
Presidencies of departmental councils
0 / 101
Presidencies of regional councils
0 / 17
Website
lafranceinsoumise.fr
^ A: The party has been described as left-wing as well as far-left.[1] Far-left is a label used by its critics, including French President Emmanuel Macron, to compare it with the far-right National Rally (NR), however, various political scientists and historians dispute the far-left label and the Ministry of the Interior describes LFI as "left-wing".[2]

La France Insoumise (LFI or FI; [la fʁɑ̃s ɛ̃sumiz], lit. 'France Unbowed' or 'France in Revolt') is a left-wing political party in France. It was launched in 2016 by Jean-Luc Mélenchon, then a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) and former co-president of the Left Party (PG). It aims to implement the eco-socialist and democratic socialist programme L'Avenir en commun (transl. A Shared Future).

The party nominated Mélenchon as its candidate for the 2017 French presidential election. He came fourth in the first round, receiving 19.6% of the vote and failing to qualify for the second round by around 2%. After the 2017 French legislative election, it formed a parliamentary group of 17 members of the National Assembly, with Mélenchon as the group's president. In the 2019 European Parliament election in France, it won six seats, below its expectations.

In 2022, Mélenchon again became the party's candidate for president, and later Christiane Taubira, winner of the 2022 French People's Primary, endorsed Mélenchon. In the first round of 2022 French presidential election voting in April, Mélenchon came third, garnering 7.7 million votes, narrowly behind second-place finisher Marine Le Pen.

History

[edit]
Former logo of the party

La France Insoumise was founded on 10 February 2016,[3][4] based on the belief that traditional parties and political organisations no longer serve democracy.[5] The movement is inspired by the Spanish party Podemos, the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour Party leader in the United Kingdom in 2015 and the candidacy of Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries in the United States. Its first meeting took place in Place Stalingrad, Paris on 5 June 2016 in the form of a march numbering about 10,000 people, according to the organisers.[6][7] A second meeting took place in the gardens of the Toulouse Observatory on 28 August 2016.[8]

The programme L'Avenir en commun (transl. A Shared Future) was adopted during the Lille convention, attended by just under 1,000 people in Saint-André-lez-Lille on 15/16 October 2016.[9] Several personalities addressed the convention, including former Société Générale trader Jérôme Kerviel, LuxLeaks whistleblower Antoine Deltour, political specialist Paul Ariès, former Malian Minister of Culture Aminata Traoré, and former Speaker of the Hellenic Parliament Zoe Konstantopoulou.[10]

At this convention, the movement also presented twenty candidates for the 2017 French legislative election, including Jean-Marie Brom, physicist, research director of the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and spokesperson of Sortir du nucléaire; Rémy Garnier, public finance inspector and whistleblower in the Cahuzac affair; Lionel Burriello, leader of the CGT union for the ArcelorMittal steel works in Florange; Mehdi Kémoune, deputy secretary-general of the CGT union for Air France; actress Sophie De La Rochefoucauld; Marie-Hélène Bourlard, trade unionist featured in the movie Merci patron!; Olivia Cattan, journalist and founder of the association SOS Autisme France; and Nathalie Seguin, trade unionist and member of the French Communist Party (PCF).[10]

In August 2017, La France Insoumise organized its first summer university (called Les AmFIs, a play on the word amphitheater and the acronym FI for France insoumise), a tradition in France where campuses open their doors to political party gatherings and meetings between activists, elected officials, philosophers, and cultural commentators. It was set in the Marseille Saint-Charles University and comprised four days of debates, conferences and workshops. The movement also debated its future.[11]

In the 2017 Corsican territorial election, local supporters of La France Insoumise under the banner of La Corse Insoumise allied with the PCF. The PCF-FI alliance attacked Jean-Luc Mélenchon, and the list was disavowed by Mélenchon.[12][13] During the 2024 French legislative election, La France Insoumise refused the nomination of five "rebels": Frédéric Mathieu, Danielle Simonnet, Raquel Garrido, Alexis Corbière, and Hendrik Davi.[14][15]

2017 presidential campaign

[edit]
Main article: 2017 French presidential election

The 2017 presidential campaign was directed by Manuel Bompard, national secretary of the PG, its spokesperson was Alexis Corbière, former councillor of Paris and also national secretary of the PG and its coordinators were Charlotte Girard, lecturer in public law at the Paris Nanterre University and Jacques Généreux, lecturer in economy at the Paris Institute of Political Studies.[16]

On 15 November 2016, Mélenchon held a meeting at Le Manège conference centre in Chambéry. Another similar meeting was held on 29 November at the Théâtre Femina [fr] in Bordeaux. This meeting was attended by 1,100 people, with several hundred more people outside unable to fit into the theatre.[17] Another large meeting took place on 18 March 2017 in Place de la Bastille in Paris.[18]

La France Insoumise was polling at 11.5% a month before the first vote.[19] Mélenchon received 19.58% in the ballot, finishing fourth and not reaching the final round by a few hundred thousand votes;[20] despite this, Mélenchon was the most voted candidate of the French left, eclipsing the Socialist Party candidate Benoît Hamon.[21]

2022 presidential campaign

[edit]
Main article: 2022 French presidential election

In November 2020, Mélenchon announced his intention to run for the 2022 presidential election. He conditioned his candidacy to a petition put online by his La France Insoumise party. After winning the threshold of 150,000 signatures, he formally became the party's candidate for the election. In the first round of voting, Mélenchon garnered 7.7 million votes, coming in third among twelve candidates with 22% of the vote, behind president Emmanuel Macron in first place with 28%, and narrowly behind Marine Le Pen with 23% of the vote.[22]

2024 legislative elections

[edit]
Main article: 2024 French legislative election

The far-right National Rally achieved unexpected success in the 2024 EU parliamentary election, sparking significant fear of a hard-right parliamentary majority. In June, these fears would result in the formation of the New Popular Front,[23] a left-wing electoral alliance that included La France Insoumise as a founding member. La France Insoumise rallied in the polls after this, with the New Popular Front supporting more extensive co-operation between left-wing parties. The party achieved success in this election, winning 71 seats. The New Popular Front won 192 seats in total, constituting a plurality, with La France Insoumise contributing the largest proportion of its seats.

Ideology and political programme

[edit]

Ideologically, La France Insoumise is variously described as holding democratic socialist,[24][25] anti-neoliberal,[26] eco-socialist,[25] souverainist,[27] left-wing populist,[28][29] and soft Eurosceptic positions.[30] On the political spectrum, the party is described as left-wing,[31] as well as far-left.[32][a] Far-left is also a label often used by its critics, including the incumbent French president Emmanuel Macron, to compare it to National Rally (RN), a party commonly described as far-right; however, the far-left label is not supported by the Ministry of the Interior and the French Council of State, the most important body for French administrative justice, both of which consider La France Insoumise to be "left-wing" (like the Socialist Party and the French Communist Party) and the National Rally to be "far-right".[36]

They consider as "far-left" other left-wing parties, such as Lutte Ouvrière and the New Anticapitalist Party.[37][38] According to political scientist Rémi Lefebvre, the programme of La France Insoumise is part of a socialism that is "very interventionist, very reformist, that believes in the essential role of public services, in ecological planning, in redistribution", and that what it questions is "more ultraliberalism than capitalism itself".[39] According to Aurélien Dubuisson, an associate researcher at the Sciences Po Historical Centre and author of The Far Left in France published by the Blaise Pascal University Press, defining La France Insoumise as far-left is "a mistake that has been made in recent years, especially by the right wing of the political spectrum". Dubuisson cites François Mitterrand's programme from 1981, which he said would be considered "the worst extremist of the moment. But in 1981, the political context was different, it was permeated by left-wing themes."[40] According to both Dubuisson and Lefebvre, the programme of La France Insoumise is no more radical than Mitterand's.[41][42]

Candidates of the party for the June 2017 legislative elections were 60% from civil society (have never been members or elected representatives of a political party), with an average age of around 43 years. The invested candidates have signed the charter of the movement[43] as well as the ethical charter of the independent association Anticor, committed to ethics in politics, the fight against corruption and tax noncompliance.[44] Beginning in late 2018, Mélenchon and the leadership of La France Insoumise made a significant shift by abandoning their sovereigntist and ultra-secularist stances. This decision led to the expulsion of key members,[who?] marking a clear change in the party's ideological direction.[45] The 2022 L'Avenir en commun programme for the Popular Union includes a number of proposals, such as replacing capitalism.[46]

In August 2025, during the congress of France Insoumise, in Châteauneuf-sur-Isère, near Valence in the Drôme, the party called for a strike for 10 September 2025, to oppose the 2026 budget bill, presented by François Bayrou.[47]

Political programme

[edit]

The drawing up of the programme was coordinated by economist Jacques Généreux and lawyer Charlotte Girard.[48][49] It drew its inspiration from L'Humain d'abord (transl. Human First), the programme of the Left Front during the 2012 French presidential election, from work carried out by the PG during its conventions on eco-socialism and summits for a "plan B in Europe", and from contributions from supporters of the movement,[48] which the rapporteurs were asked to synthesize. At the end of the Lille Convention, a synthesis of all the proposals resulted in a programme of seven axioms and 357 measures. It was adopted by more than 90% of voters.[10] The movement proposes "ten emblematic measures", approved during the Lille Convention, calling for four main "emergencies" to be addressed: the democratic emergency, the social emergency, the ecological emergency, and the geo-political emergency.[10][50] Adopted by 77,038 votes in an Internet poll, these ten measures are:[10]

  • The formation of a constituent assembly tasked with writing the constitution of a proposed French Sixth Republic to succeed the French Fifth Republic. Members of the movement consider the Fifth Republic to be a "presidential monarchy", in which too much power is concentrated in the office of the President of the Republic, with the people unable to exercise control over its actions. This constitutional process could also consider alternative forms of legislative elections, such as proportional representation. Constitutional and therefore institutional change is considered fundamental by the movement, which sees decreasing electoral turnout as a rejection by French people of their institutional system.
  • The repeal of the El Khomri law (labour reform passed in 2016 by the Second Valls government) which the movement believes has ended the "hierarchy of standards" in French labour law by reversing the "principle of favour" and thus not sufficiently protecting workers.
  • The "democratic re-founding" of the European Union treaties including changes in monetary policy, common agricultural policy, and environmental policy. Failing this, the program envisages a "Plan B" of unilateral exit from European treaties, followed by proposing further cooperation between countries.
  • The implementation of an energy transition plan towards a target of 100% renewable energy in 2050, following the studies of the Association négaWatt and the public and interdepartmental agency of the environment and the control of the energy (ADEME). This transition involves shutting down France's nuclear power plants, criticised by the movement for their dependence on uranium supply, their alleged lack of safety, their radioactive waste management and their financial cost.
  • The establishment of a "green rule" not to deprive nature more than can be replenished, nor produce more than it can bear, which the movement would propose during the constituent assembly process for inclusion in the new constitution.
  • The right to dismiss elected representatives by recall election when they break campaign promises, or otherwise breach standards. The movement also wishes to propose this measure during the constituent assembly process.
  • The protection of common goods such as air, water, food, living, health, energy, or currency by preventing their commodification in order to preserve the general interest and by developing corresponding public services.
  • The separation of investment and retail banks aimed at separating speculative activities from lend and deposit activities in order to protect the latter and the creation of a public banking center, which would finance small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and carry out credit policy on social and ecological criteria.
  • Raising the minimum wage (called "SMIC") from 1,149 to 1,326 euros per month net for 35-hour weeks and raising civil servant salaries frozen since 2010.
  • Withdrawal from free trade agreements such as the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA).[51][52]

Other proposals include withdrawing from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) to avoid French involvement in wars waged by the United States and thus only to act within the framework of the United Nations (UN); reinforcing the 35-hour work-week and moving towards 32 hours; and reducing the retirement age to 60.[10][51] This programme, named L'Avenir en commun (transl. A Shared Future), was published by the Éditions du Seuil on 1 December 2016. It is based around seven axioms: a Sixth Republic; distribution of wealth; environmental planning; withdrawal from European treaties; peace and independence; human progress; and "on the borders of humanity" (ocean,[53] space, and digital); thematic booklets, deepening the proposals of the movement, have also been published as the campaign progressed. The book rapidly entered the top 10 best-seller list by 9 December, with 110,000 copies printed.[54] It was the subject of an adaptation in digital comic strip, broadcast on the Internet.[55][56]

Israel-Palestine conflict

[edit]

LFI supported Palestine and BDS movement, was the first party to accuse Israel of committing genocide[57] and criticized French government's support for Israel.[58] The party called for sanctions and an arms embargo on Israel and is the only left-wing party in the country who refused to recognize Hamas as a terrorist organization,[59] preferring to design them as “Palestinian forces” responsible for “war crimes”.[60][61] Mathilde Panot said that the party would also recognize Palestine as a country,[62] as Gaza war took place it was one of the main topics discussed by the party during 2024 European Parliament election.[63] Reportedly, the party's critics accused it of antisemitism due to its support for Palestine and the party's controversial actions, like aforementioned refusal to call Hamas terrorist group and for choosing Rima Hassan, French-Palestinian jurist, to be LFI's European Parliament member.[64] She sparked controversy among the public after saying Hamas is acting "legitimately under international law" in it is conflict with Israel, but that "does not mean that the methods of armed struggle justify everything [...] you do not have the right to commit a number of abuses such as those that have been committed".[65][66]

Muslims and Islamophobia

[edit]

The party receives high numbers of votes from Muslim communities. Recently, Jean-Luc Mélenchon has been accused of changing his policies to attract their votes. For example, he began speaking out against Islamophobia in France, notably by participating in the “March Against Islamophobia” in 2019, organized after the Bayonne mosque shooting;[67][68] he changed his view about French secularism[69] and criticized editors of Charlie Hebdo.[70]

In 2022 French presidential election, the party received 69% of the Muslim vote ; in the second round, 85% of Muslim voters supported incumbent President Emmanuel Macron against National Rally candidate Marine Le Pen.[71] According to a poll by Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP), 62% of French-Muslim pollers voted for the party in 2024 European Parliament election in France.[63] Muslim community's support for La France Insoumise sparked negative reactions among media in France, various outlets accused the party of adhering to "Islamo-leftism" and having “communitarist" voter base.[72] For example, Marianne Magazine accused the party of “fundamentalist entryism” and said that the reason why Muslims vote for LFI is because it listens to their needs, it said that Mélenchon claimed to be the only candidate in the elections who will protect them from perceived islamophobia. It said candidates of the party promises to combat all racism, protection of islamic clothing, support for indigenous movements and feminists who support hijab.[73] Some claimed the party's anti-Israel stance is attracting Muslim voters in poor areas of major cities,[74] or that The party's strong support among Muslims was due to its clear condemnation of Islamophobia and the hope it inspired in them, in contrast to other parties.[75]

In October 2024, La France Insoumise said that the Representative Council of French Jewish Institutions (CRIF) forced people to follow the "far-right" Israeli government, it also accused Yonathan Arfi, the organization's president, of being far-right. This was a response to Arfi, who accused the party of being “anti-semitic” for its support of Palestine. He said that some members of the party supported Hamas, alleging that the Danièle Obono called Hamas a "resistance movement".[76] IFOP's poll conducted in June of the same year found that 92% of Jewish pollers in France think that LFI is promoting antisemitism, 60% said they would leave France if the party comes to power.[77] Les Complices du mal, a book written by French-Syrian journalist Omar Youssef Souleimane and published by Plon, claimed that Islamists had "infiltrated" the party and that it contained sectarian and anti-republican factions.[78] LFI threatened legal action against Souleimane and Plon before the book was even released on store shelves.[79]

Organisation

[edit]

Structure

[edit]

Unlike a classical political party, the organisation is not fixed. Supporters' groups, small committees responsible for promoting Mélenchon's candidacy at a local level, have been established all over France and abroad.[80][81]

Membership

[edit]

As of 2017, LFI had a membership of 540,000.[82]

Political support

[edit]

La France Insoumise is not a coalition of political parties; however, several political parties, branches or individuals announced their support for the movement once its programme had been agreed and its candidate chosen, including the Left Party,[83] the Socialistes Insoumis,[84] Ensemble!,[85] the French Communist Party, the Pole of Communist Revival in France, and some elected officials and leaders of the Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV). These organizations are not themselves parts of the movement.[citation needed]

Components of the Left Front

[edit]

The Left Party, of which Mélenchon is a member, is the main political force involved in the movement. Several of its executives are organizing the campaign. The French Communist Party (PCF) is split on support for the movement. The party's national conference rejected a motion of support for Mélenchon by 55% on 5 November 2016,[86] but party members voted three weeks later in favour of support, by 53.6%.[87] Several executive members of the French Communist Party, including president Pierre Laurent and deputy Marie-George Buffet, have endorsed his candidacy.[88]

In November 2016, Ensemble!, the third component of the Left Front coalition, also announced its support for the movement as 72% of its activists had voted in favour. They had been given the choice of three options: to support Mélenchon and work on a common framework (42% of the votes), to participate more directly in the campaign of La France Insoumise (30%) or to reject "at this stage" any support for Mélenchon (25%);[89] however, the PCF and Ensemble! have chosen to lead "autonomous campaigns", maintaining their independence from the movement. Both parties print leaflets and posters and organize meetings without being associated with the political decisions of the campaign.[90]

Europe Ecology – The Greens dissidents

[edit]

In December 2016, the Social Ecology Co-Operative, whose members include political figures from Europe Ecology – The Greens (EELV), such as EELV federal councillor Francine Bavay, and Sergio Coronado, member of the National Assembly for French residents overseas, called for the endorsement of Mélenchon's candidacy.[91] In February 2017, Yannick Jadot (the candidate nominated by the EELV Party presidential primary) withdrew in favour of Benoît Hamon (PS) on the basis of an agreement not approved by party members. Some EELV members, including elected representatives, then endorsed La France Insoumise.[92]

On 10 March, 27 environmentalists, including MP Sergio Coronado, activists, local officials, candidates for the June legislative elections, and members of the EELV Federal Council, announced that they would not support Hamon in the first round of the presidential election but La France Insoumise instead.[93] They pointed to the fact that Hamon "needs a strong Socialist Party for his campaign" whereas "the hope of an environmentalist left requires instead to get rid of it", criticised François Hollande's five-year term, and suggested that the integration of political ecology into candidates' programs is "recent and inconsistent" for Hamon, while "deep and lasting" for Mélenchon.[94]

On 12 April, seven EELV federal councillors endorsed Mélenchon rather than Hamon. They noted that if Hamon won the presidency and a parliamentary majority, "the majority would be composed of those who have up to the end supported the policies of François Hollande and Manuel Valls", adding: "Who would think that a Socialist Party majority defending Hollande's five-year term would legislate in favour of a radically different social and environmental platform?"[95] On 14 April, Éric Piolle, EELV mayor of Grenoble, also endorsed La France Insoumise.[96]

International affiliation

[edit]

The party is a member of the European Left Alliance for the People and the Planet; a pan-European party that supports an alternative to capitalism.[97]

Election results

[edit]

Presidential

[edit]
President of the French Republic
Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round Winning Candidate
Votes % Rank Votes % Rank
2017 Jean-Luc Mélenchon 7,059,951 19.58 4th — Emmanuel Macron
2022 7,712,520 21.95 3rd —

Legislative

[edit]
National Assembly
Election Leader Votes (first round) Seats Result Notes
No. % No. ±
2017 Jean-Luc Mélenchon 2,497,622 11.03 Steady Opposition
2022 3,142,354 13.82 Increase 48 Opposition In coalition with the NUPES
2024 Manuel Bompard 3,364,445 10.49 Decrease 1 Opposition In coalition with the NFP

La France Insoumise did not participate in the Senate elections until 2023 because of the election's electoral college-based system that would disfavor newly created parties with few locally elected officials.[98] For the 2023 elections, La France Insoumise unsuccessfully attempted to organize united lists with their NUPES partners before deciding to form their own lists.[99]

European Parliament

[edit]
Election Leader Votes % Seats +/− EP Group
2019 Manon Aubry 1,428,548 6.31 (#5)
6 / 79
 New The Left
2024[b] 2,432,976 9.87 (#4)
9 / 81
 Increase 3

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ There is no clear consensus among scholars on the far-left and its definition,[33] with some scholars using different definitions but agreeing that there are differences and pluralism within it;[34] both historians and political scientists generally agree that left-wing parties like La France Insoumise that "plays the ballot box game fully and does not plan to take power through the Revolution" is an essential definition criterion that distinguish it from the far-left.[35] According to political science researcher Christine Pina, what distinguishes the mainstream left from the far-left (where despite the oppositions and differences in militant cultures between Trotskyists, Maoists, and libertarian socialists or anarchists, they all share three common denominators that distinguish them from the mainstream left) is that the far-left proposes a sort of maximum programme.[34] In the words of historian Aurélien Dubuisson (associate researcher at The Sciences Po Centre for History) and sociologist Paolo Stuppia (member of the European Centre for Sociology and Political Science) discussing the New Popular Front, a broad left-wing alliance of which La France Insoumise was one of its main members, "[w]hile admitting immediate and transitory requests such as that of a better sharing of added value for the benefit of employees, the 'far-left' defends above all a maximalist programme in which the abolition of the capitalist model (today we also speak of fossil capital) occupies a central place. ... However, none on the left, including La France Insoumise, despite its radical criticisms of economic neoliberalism, defends such a process which would consist in a transformation of positive law to organise, even gradually, the disappearance of capitalist exploitation and the competition paradigm".[34]
  2. ^ Run in a joint list with POI, REV, GES, Péyi-A and PLR, that won 9 seats in total.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chemin, Chanaël (13 June 2024). "Législatives : La France Insoumise est-elle vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche ?". La Provence (in French). Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  2. ^ Desseauve, Rodolphe (13 June 2024). "LFI est-il vraiment un parti d'extrême gauche, comme le dit Emmanuel Macron ?". Yahoo News (in French). Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  3. ^ "Jean-Luc Mélenchon, le vent dans le dos". Liberation.
  4. ^ "Décision du 23 janvier 2017 portant agrément d'une association de financement d'un parti ou d'une organisation politique". Légifrance (in French). 23 January 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  5. ^ Ayuso, Silvia (1 April 2017). "La remontada del movimiento Francia Insumisa... y su referente Podemos". El País. Internacional.elpais.com. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  6. ^ Dejean, Mathieu (6 June 2016). "Les Inrocks – Pour son premier meeting de campagne, Jean-Luc Mélenchon appelle à "changer la civilisation humaine"". Les Inrocks.
  7. ^ "Avec sa "France insoumise", Jean-Luc Mélenchon met le PCF et la gauche au pied du mur". Huffington Post France. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  8. ^ Dusseaulx, Anne-Charlotte (28 August 2016). "Mélenchon veut prendre de la hauteur – leJDD.fr".
  9. ^ "Convention de la "France insoumise": Dans le Nord, Mélenchon à gauche toute". 16 October 2016.
  10. ^ a b c d e f "La France insoumise détaille son projet et son calendrier". 17 October 2016.
  11. ^ "La France Insoumise s'installe à Marseille" (in French), lci.fr.
  12. ^ "Territoriales – Le PCF et la Corse insoumise en meeting". France 3 Corse ViaStella. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  13. ^ Ludovic Galtier (2 December 2017). "Élections territoriales en Corse : ce qu'il faut savoir avant le scrutin du 3 décembre". RTL. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  14. ^ "En direct, législatives 2024 : La France insoumise refuse l'investiture à Alexis Corbière, Raquel Garrido et Danielle Simonnet". Le Monde (in French). 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024..
  15. ^ "« Crime de lèse-Mélenchon » « Une purge » : LFI ne réinvestit pas les députés frondeurs Corbière, Garrido ou Simonnet aux législatives 2024". Libération (in French). 15 June 2024. Retrieved 15 June 2024..
  16. ^ "Mélenchon veut "ouvrir les bras aux millions de personnes qui ne savent plus où elles en sont"". Liberation.
  17. ^ Beuve-Méry, Alain (30 November 2016). "Jean-Luc Mélenchon se veut le candidat anti-Fillon". Le Monde.
  18. ^ "" Vous nous manquez, venez ! " lance Mélenchon au PC". 17 October 2016.
  19. ^ "Rolling 2017. L'élection présidentielle en temps réel" (PDF). Dataviz.ifop.com. 21 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2024.
  20. ^ "For Jean-Luc Mélenchon, a defeat on the cusp of the second round has turned into something of a victory". Le Monde. 11 April 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
  21. ^ Kuhn, Raymond (2 October 2022). "Wither the French left?". Modern & Contemporary France. 30 (4): 461–477. doi:10.1080/09639489.2022.2137484. ISSN 0963-9489.
  22. ^ "Election présidentielle 2022". Ministere de l'Intérieur. Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  23. ^ "French opposition parties on the left and right seek alliances ahead of snap elections". Associated Press. 11 June 2024. Retrieved 5 May 2025.
  24. ^ Arthur Nazaret (10 April 2014). "Quand Dray plante sa plume dans Mélenchon". Le Journal du Dimanche (in French). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  25. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "France". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 8 July 2024. Retrieved 8 July 2024. Updated as of 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  26. ^ Ivaldi, Ivaldi (2018). "Populism in France". In Stockemer, Daniel (ed.). Populism Around the World: A Comparative Perspective. Springer. pp. 27–48. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-96758-5_3. ISBN 978-3-319-96757-8.
  27. ^ Abel Mestre (21 October 2017). "La tentation souverainiste de Jean-Luc Mélenchon". Le Monde. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
  28. ^ Denis Tugdual (5 April 2013). "Le Pen-Mélenchon: la mode est au langage populiste". L'Express (in French). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  29. ^ Jean-Laurent Cassely (15 April 2013). "Le populisme "vintage" de Jean-Luc Mélenchon, trop élaboré pour être efficace". Slate (in French). Retrieved 29 March 2018.
  30. ^ Bourgery-Gonse, Théo (25 August 2022). "« L'euroscepticisme chez les sympathisants LFI est marginal », selon la Fondation Jean-Jaurès" (in French). Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  31. ^
  32. ^
  33. ^ Faure, Justine (2 July 2024). "Est-il juste de classer le Rassemblement national et La France insoumise parmi les 'extrêmes' ?". TF1 INFO (in French). Retrieved 15 July 2024.
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  97. ^ WHO WE ARE
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