Modul:languages

Ushbu modul Vikilugʻat yozuvlari boʻlishi mumkin boʻlgan tillarni va ular bilan bog'liq ma'lumotlarni olish va boshqarish uchun ishlatiladi. Qoʻshimcha maʼlumot uchun Viklugʻat:Tillar ga qarang.

Etimologiyalarda ishlatilishi mumkin boʻlgan tillar va til turlari uchun Module:etymology languages ga qarang. Baʼzan etimologiyalarda ham uchraydigan til oilalari uchun Modul:families ga qarang.

Ushbu modul boshqa modullarga kirish imkonini beradi. Shablon ichidagi ma'lumotlarga kirish uchun Modul:tili/andozalar ga qarang.

Ma'lumotlarning oʻzi ushbu modulning pastki sahifalari boʻlgan turli xil ma'lumotlar modullarida saqlanadi. Ushbu modullardan toʻgʻridan-toʻgʻri boshqa modul tomonidan foydalanilmasligi kerak, ma'lumotlarga faqat ushbu modul tomonidan taqdim etilgan funksiyalar orqali kirish mumkin.

• Ikki harfli kodlar
• Birinchi harfiga koʻra uch harfli kodlar:  a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z 
• Defisdan iborat uzunroq kodlar (-)

Qoʻshimcha ma'lumotlar submodullari (kamroq ishlatiladigan ma'lumotlar uchun):

Ma'lumotlar submodullari:

• Ikki harfli kodlar
• Birinchi harfiga koʻra uch harfli kodlar:  a   b   c   d   e   f   g   h   i   j   k   l   m   n   o   p   q   r   s   t   u   v   w   x   y   z 
• Defisdan iborat uzunroq kodlar (-)

Tillarni topish va qidirish

Modul tillarni topish uchun ishlatiladigan bir qator funksiyalarni eksport qiladi.

export.getDataModuleName

function export.getDataModuleName(code)

export.getExtraDataModuleName

function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code)

export.makeObject

function export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire, dontCanonicalizeAliases)

export.getByCode

function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)

Finds the language whose code matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a Language object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns nil, unless paramForError is given, in which case an error is generated. If paramForError is true, a generic error message mentioning the bad code is generated; otherwise paramForError should be a string or number specifying the parameter that the code came from, and this parameter will be mentioned in the error message along with the bad code. If allowEtymLang is specified, etymology-only language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If allowFamily is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.

export.getByCanonicalName

function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)

Finds the language whose canonical name (the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary) or other name matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a Language object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns nil, unless paramForError is given, in which case an error is generated. If allowEtymLang is specified, etymology-only language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If allowFamily is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. The canonical name of languages should always be unique (it is an error for two languages on Wiktionary to share the same canonical name), so this is guaranteed to give at most one result. This function is powered by Module:languages/canonical names, which contains a pre-generated mapping of full-language canonical names to codes. It is generated by going through the Category:Language data modules for full languages. When allowEtymLang is specified for the above function, Module:etymology languages/canonical names may also be used, and when allowFamily is specified for the above function, Module:families/canonical names may also be used.

export.addDefaultTypes

function export.addDefaultTypes(data, regular, ...)

Used by Module:languages/data/2 (et al.) to add default types to the entities returned.

export.finalizeLanguageData

function export.finalizeLanguageData(data)

Used by Module:languages/data/2 (et al.) and Module:etymology languages/data to finalize language-related data into the format that is actually returned.

export.finalizeEtymologyData

function export.finalizeEtymologyData(data)

Used by Module:etymology languages/data and Module:families/data/etymology to finalize etymology-related data into the format that is actually returned.

export.err

function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang)

For backwards compatibility only; modules should require the error themselves.

Til ob'ektlari

A Language object is returned from one of the functions above. It is a Lua representation of a language and the data associated with it. It has a number of methods that can be called on it, using the : syntax. For example:

local m_languages = require("Module:languages") local lang = m_languages.getByCode("fr") local name = lang:getCanonicalName() -- "name" will now be "French" 

Language:loadData

function Language:loadData(modname)

Language:getCode

function Language:getCode()

Returns the language code of the language. Example: "fr" for French.

Language:getCanonicalName

function Language:getCanonicalName()

Returns the canonical name of the language. This is the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary, and is guaranteed to be unique to that language alone. Example: "French" for French.

Language:getDisplayForm

function Language:getDisplayForm()

Return the display form of the language. The display form of a language, family or script is the form it takes when appearing as the source in categories such as English terms derived from source or English given names from source, and is also the displayed text in makeCategoryLink() links. For full and etymology-only languages, this is the same as the canonical name, but for families, it reads "name languages" (e.g. "Indo-Iranian languages"), and for scripts, it reads "name script" (e.g. "Arabic script").

Language:getHTMLAttribute

function Language:getHTMLAttribute(sc, region)

Returns the value which should be used in the HTML lang= attribute for tagged text in the language.

Language:getOtherNames

function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames)

Returns a table of the "other names" that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {"Manx Gaelic", "Northern Manx", "Southern Manx"} for Manx. If onlyOtherNames is given and is non-nil, only names explicitly listed in the otherNames field are returned; otherwise, names listed under otherNames, aliases and varieties are combined together and returned. For example, for Manx, Manx Gaelic is listed as an alias, while Northern Manx and Southern Manx are listed as varieties. It should be noted that the otherNames field itself is deprecated, and entries listed there should eventually be moved to either aliases or varieties.

Language:getAliases

function Language:getAliases()

Returns a table of the aliases that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. Aliases are synonyms for the language in question. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {"High German", "New High German", "Deutsch"} for German.

Language:getVarieties

function Language:getVarieties(flatten)

Return a table of the known subvarieties of a given language, excluding subvarieties that have been given explicit etymology-only language codes. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes a given name refers to a subvariety of more than one language. Example: {"Southern Aymara", "Central Aymara"} for Aymara. Note that the returned value can have nested tables in it, when a subvariety goes by more than one name. Example: {"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", {"Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar"}, {"Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay"}, "Sonqor"} for Azerbaijani. Here, for example, Afshar, Afshari, Afshar Azerbaijani and Afchar all refer to the same subvariety, whose preferred name is Afshar (the one listed first). To avoid a return value with nested tables in it, specify a non-nil value for the flatten parameter; in that case, the return value would be {"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", "Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar", "Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay", "Sonqor"}.

Language:getTypes

function Language:getTypes()

Returns a table of types as a lookup table (with the types as keys).

The possible types are

• language: This is a language, either full or etymology-only.
• full: This is a "full" (not etymology-only) language, i.e. the union of regular, reconstructed and appendix-constructed. Note that the types full and etymology-only also exist for families, so if you want to check specifically for a full language and you have an object that might be a family, you should use hasType("language", "full") and not simply hasType("full").
• etymology-only: This is an etymology-only (not full) language, whose parent is another etymology-only language or a full language. Note that the types full and etymology-only also exist for families, so if you want to check specifically for an etymology-only language and you have an object that might be a family, you should use hasType("language", "etymology-only") and not simply hasType("etymology-only").
• regular: This indicates a full language that is attested according to WT:CFI and therefore permitted in the main namespace. There may also be reconstructed terms for the language, which are placed in the Reconstruction namespace and must be prefixed with * to indicate a reconstruction. Most full languages are natural (not constructed) languages, but a few constructed languages (e.g. Esperanto and Volapük, among others) are also allowed in the mainspace and considered regular languages.
• reconstructed: This language is not attested according to WT:CFI, and therefore is allowed only in the Reconstruction namespace. All terms in this language are reconstructed, and must be prefixed with *. Languages such as Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic are in this category.
• appendix-constructed: This language is attested but does not meet the additional requirements set out for constructed languages (WT:CFI#Constructed languages). Its entries must therefore be in the Appendix namespace, but they are not reconstructed and therefore should not have * prefixed in links.

Language:hasType

function Language:hasType(...)

Given a list of types as strings, returns true if the language has all of them.

Language:getWikimediaLanguages

function Language:getWikimediaLanguages()

Returns a table containing WikimediaLanguage objects (see Module:wikimedia languages), which represent languages and their codes as they are used in Wikimedia projects for interwiki linking and such. More than one object may be returned, as a single Wiktionary language may correspond to multiple Wikimedia languages. For example, Wiktionary's single code sh (Serbo-Croatian) maps to four Wikimedia codes: sh (Serbo-Croatian), bs (Bosnian), hr (Croatian) and sr (Serbian). The code for the Wikimedia language is retrieved from the wikimedia_codes property in the data modules. If that property is not present, the code of the current language is used. If none of the available codes is actually a valid Wikimedia code, an empty table is returned.

Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes

function Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes()

Language:getWikipediaArticle

function Language:getWikipediaArticle(noCategoryFallback, project)

Returns the name of the Wikipedia article for the language. project specifies the language and project to retrieve the article from, defaulting to "enwiki" for the English Wikipedia. Normally if specified it should be the project code for a specific-language Wikipedia e.g. "zhwiki" for the Chinese Wikipedia, but it can be any project, including non-Wikipedia ones. If the project is the English Wikipedia and the property wikipedia_article is present in the data module it will be used first. In all other cases, a sitelink will be generated from :getWikidataItem (if set). The resulting value (or lack of value) is cached so that subsequent calls are fast. If no value could be determined, and noCategoryFallback is false, :getCategoryName is used as fallback; otherwise, nil is returned. Note that if noCategoryFallback is nil or omitted, it defaults to false if the project is the English Wikipedia, otherwise to true. In other words, under normal circumstances, if the English Wikipedia article couldn't be retrieved, the return value will fall back to a link to the language's category, but this won't normally happen for any other project.

Language:makeWikipediaLink

function Language:makeWikipediaLink()

Language:getCommonsCategory

function Language:getCommonsCategory()

Returns the name of the Wikimedia Commons category page for the language.

Language:getWikidataItem

function Language:getWikidataItem()

Returns the Wikidata item id for the language or nil. This corresponds to the the second field in the data modules.

Language:getScripts

function Language:getScripts()

Returns a table of Script objects for all scripts that the language is written in. See Module:scripts.

Language:getScriptCodes

function Language:getScriptCodes()

Returns the table of script codes in the language's data file.

Language:findBestScript

function Language:findBestScript(text, forceDetect)

Given some text, this function iterates through the scripts of a given language and tries to find the script that best matches the text. It returns a Script object representing the script. If no match is found at all, it returns the None script object.

Language:getFamily

function Language:getFamily()

Returns a Family object for the language family that the language belongs to. See Module:families.

Language:getFamilyCode

function Language:getFamilyCode()

Returns the family code in the language's data file.

Language:getFamilyName

function Language:getFamilyName()

Language:inFamily

function Language:inFamily(...)

Check whether the language belongs to family (which can be a family code or object). A list of objects can be given in place of family; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families. Note that some languages (in particular, certain creoles) can have multiple immediate ancestors potentially belonging to different families; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families.

Language:getParent

function Language:getParent()

Language:getParentCode

function Language:getParentCode()

Language:getParentName

function Language:getParentName()

Language:getParentChain

function Language:getParentChain()

Language:hasParent

function Language:hasParent(...)

Language:getFull

function Language:getFull()

If the language is etymology-only, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding object is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns itself.

Language:getFullCode

function Language:getFullCode()

If the language is an etymology-only language, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding code is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns the language code.

Language:getFullName

function Language:getFullName()

If the language is an etymology-only language, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding canonical name is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns the canonical name of the language.

Language:getAncestors

function Language:getAncestors()

Returns a table of Language objects for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.

Language:getAncestorCodes

function Language:getAncestorCodes()

Returns a table of Language codes for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.

Language:hasAncestor

function Language:hasAncestor(...)

Given a list of language objects or codes, returns true if at least one of them is an ancestor. This includes any etymology-only children of that ancestor. If the language's ancestor(s) are etymology-only languages, it will also return true for those language parent(s) (e.g. if Vulgar Latin is the ancestor, it will also return true for its parent, Latin). However, a parent is excluded from this if the ancestor is also ancestral to that parent (e.g. if Classical Persian is the ancestor, Persian would return false, because Classical Persian is also ancestral to Persian).

Language:getAncestorChain

function Language:getAncestorChain()

Language:getDescendants

function Language:getDescendants()

Language:getDescendantCodes

function Language:getDescendantCodes()

Language:getDescendantNames

function Language:getDescendantNames()

Language:hasDescendant

function Language:hasDescendant(...)

Language:getChildren

function Language:getChildren()

Language:getChildrenCodes

function Language:getChildrenCodes()

Language:getChildrenNames

function Language:getChildrenNames()

Language:hasChild

function Language:hasChild(...)

Language:getCategoryName

function Language:getCategoryName(nocap)

Returns the name of the main category of that language. Example: "French language" for French, whose category is at Category:French language. Unless optional argument nocap is given, the language name at the beginning of the returned value will be capitalized. This capitalization is correct for category names, but not if the language name is lowercase and the returned value of this function is used in the middle of a sentence.

Language:makeCategoryLink

function Language:makeCategoryLink()

Creates a link to the category; the link text is the canonical name.

Language:getStandardCharacters

function Language:getStandardCharacters(sc)

Language:makeEntryName

function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc)

Make the entry name (i.e. the correct page name).

Language:generateForms

function Language:generateForms(text, sc)

Generates alternative forms using a specified method, and returns them as a table. If no method is specified, returns a table containing only the input term.

Language:makeSortKey

function Language:makeSortKey(text, sc)

Creates a sort key for the given entry name, following the rules appropriate for the language. This removes diacritical marks from the entry name if they are not considered significant for sorting, and may perform some other changes. Any initial hyphen is also removed, and anything parentheses is removed as well. The sort_key setting for each language in the data modules defines the replacements made by this function, or it gives the name of the module that takes the entry name and returns a sortkey.

Language:makeDisplayText

function Language:makeDisplayText(text, sc, keepPrefixes)

Make the display text (i.e. what is displayed on the page).

Language:transliterate

function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override)

Transliterates the text from the given script into the Latin script (see Wiktionary:Transliteration and romanization). The language must have the translit property for this to work; if it is not present, nil is returned. Returns three values:

1. The transliteration.
2. A boolean which indicates whether the transliteration failed for an unexpected reason. If false, then the transliteration either succeeded, or the module is returning nothing in a controlled way (e.g. the input was "-"). Generally, this means that no maintenance action is required. If true, then the transliteration is nil because either the input or output was defective in some way (e.g. Module:ar-translit will not transliterate non-vocalised inputs, and this module will fail partially-completed transliterations in all languages). Note that this value can be manually set by the transliteration module, so make sure to cross-check to ensure it is accurate.
3. A table of categories selected by the transliteration module, which should be in the format expected by format_categories in Module:utilities. The sc parameter is handled by the transliteration module, and how it is handled is specific to that module. Some transliteration modules may tolerate nil as the script, others require it to be one of the possible scripts that the module can transliterate, and will show an error if it's not one of them. For this reason, the sc parameter should always be provided when writing non-language-specific code. The module_override parameter is used to override the default module that is used to provide the transliteration. This is useful in cases where you need to demonstrate a particular module in use, but there is no default module yet, or you want to demonstrate an alternative version of a transliteration module before making it official. It should not be used in real modules or templates, only for testing. All uses of this parameter are tracked by Wiktionary:Tracking/module_override. Known bugs:

• This function assumes tr(s1) .. tr(s2) == tr(s1 .. s2). When this assertion fails, wikitext markups like ''' can cause wrong transliterations.
• HTML entities like ', often used to escape wikitext markups, do not work.

Language:overrideManualTranslit

function Language:overrideManualTranslit(sc)

Language:link_tr

function Language:link_tr(sc)

Language:hasTranslit

function Language:hasTranslit()

Returns true if the language has a transliteration module, or false if it doesn't.

Language:hasDottedDotlessI

function Language:hasDottedDotlessI()

Returns true if the language uses the letters I/ı and İ/i, or false if it doesn't.

Language:toJSON

function Language:toJSON(returnTable)

Language:getRawData

function Language:getRawData()

This function is not for use in entries or other content pages. Returns a blob of data about the language. The format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes. -- Do NOT use these methods! -- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page!

Language:getRawExtraData

function Language:getRawExtraData()

This function is not for use in entries or other content pages. Returns a blob of data about the language that contains the "extra data". Much like with getRawData, the format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.

Language:loadInExtraData

function Language:loadInExtraData()

Xato funktsiyasi

Qarang Module:languages/error.

Shuningdek qarang

• Module:families

Pastki sahifalar

languages/byEntryNameModule languages/bySortkeyModule languages/byTranslitModule languages/by code languages/by name languages/cache languages/canonical names languages/canonical names/serialized languages/code to canonical name languages/code to canonical name/serialized languages/data languages/data/2 languages/data/2/extra languages/data/3 languages/data/3/a languages/data/3/a/extra languages/data/3/b languages/data/3/b/extra languages/data/3/c languages/data/3/c/extra languages/data/3/d languages/data/3/d/extra languages/data/3/e languages/data/3/e/extra languages/data/3/f languages/data/3/f/extra languages/data/3/g languages/data/3/g/extra languages/data/3/h languages/data/3/h/extra languages/data/3/i languages/data/3/i/extra languages/data/3/j languages/data/3/j/extra languages/data/3/k languages/data/3/k/extra languages/data/3/l languages/data/3/l/extra languages/data/3/m languages/data/3/m/extra languages/data/3/n languages/data/3/n/extra languages/data/3/o languages/data/3/o/extra languages/data/3/p languages/data/3/p/extra languages/data/3/q languages/data/3/q/extra languages/data/3/r languages/data/3/r/extra languages/data/3/s languages/data/3/s/extra languages/data/3/t languages/data/3/t/extra languages/data/3/u languages/data/3/u/extra languages/data/3/v languages/data/3/v/extra languages/data/3/w languages/data/3/w/extra languages/data/3/x languages/data/3/x/extra languages/data/3/y languages/data/3/y/extra languages/data/3/z languages/data/3/z/extra languages/data/all languages/data/doc languages/data/exceptional languages/data/exceptional/extra languages/data/patterns languages/data2 languages/data3/a languages/doSubstitutions languages/doc languages/error languages/getDescendants languages/langname2 languages/letters rares languages/memoize sortkeys languages/print languages/stable languages/templates languages/track-bad-code

---

--[=[ This module implements fetching of language-specific information and processing text in a given language.  There are two types of languages: full languages and etymology-only languages. The essential difference is that only full languages appear in L2 headings in vocabulary entries, and hence categories like [[:Category:French nouns]] exist only for full languages. Etymology-only languages have either a full language or another etymology-only language as their parent (in the parent-child inheritance sense), and for etymology-only languages with another etymology-only language as their parent, a full language can always be derived by following the parent links upwards. For example, "Canadian French", code 'fr-CA', is an etymology-only language whose parent is the full language "French", code 'fr'. An example of an etymology-only language with another etymology-only parent is "Northumbrian Old English", code 'ang-nor', which has "Anglian Old English", code 'ang-ang' as its parent; this is an etymology-only language whose parent is "Old English", code "ang", which is a full language. (This is because Northumbrian Old English is considered a variety of Anglian Old English.) Sometimes the parent is the "Undetermined" language, code 'und'; this is the case, for example, for "substrate" languages such as "Pre-Greek", code 'qsb-grc', and "the BMAC substrate", code 'qsb-bma'.  It is important to distinguish language ''parents'' from language ''ancestors''. The parent-child relationship is one of containment, i.e. if X is a child of Y, X is considered a variety of Y. On the other hand, the ancestor-descendant relationship is one of descent in time. For example, "Classical Latin", code 'la-cla', and "Late Latin", code 'la-lat', are both etymology-only languages with "Latin", code 'la', as their parents, because both of the former are varieties of Latin. However, Late Latin does *NOT* have Classical Latin as its parent because Late Latin is *not* a variety of Classical Latin; rather, it is a descendant. There is in fact a separate 'ancestors' field that is used to express the ancestor-descendant relationship, and Late Latin's ancestor is given as Classical Latin. It is also important to note that sometimes an etymology-only language is actually the conceptual ancestor of its parent language. This happens, for example, with "Old Italian" (code 'roa-oit'), which is an etymology-only variant of full language "Italian" (code 'it'), and with "Old Latin" (code 'itc-ola'), which is an etymology-only variant of Latin. In both cases, the full language has the etymology-only variant listed as an ancestor. This allows a Latin term to inherit from Old Latin using the {{temp|inh}} template (where in this template, "inheritance" refers to ancestral inheritance, i.e. inheritance in time, rather than in the parent-child sense); likewise for Italian and Old Italian.  Full languages come in three subtypes: * {regular}: This indicates a full language that is attested according to [[WT:CFI]] and therefore permitted in the  main namespace. There may also be reconstructed terms for the language, which are placed in the  {Reconstruction} namespace and must be prefixed with * to indicate a reconstruction. Most full languages  are natural (not constructed) languages, but a few constructed languages (e.g. Esperanto and Volapük,  among others) are also allowed in the mainspace and considered regular languages. * {reconstructed}: This language is not attested according to [[WT:CFI]], and therefore is allowed only in the  {Reconstruction} namespace. All terms in this language are reconstructed, and must be prefixed with  *. Languages such as Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic are in this category. * {appendix-constructed}: This language is attested but does not meet the additional requirements set out for  constructed languages ([[WT:CFI#Constructed languages]]). Its entries must therefore be in  the Appendix namespace, but they are not reconstructed and therefore should not have *  prefixed in links. Most constructed languages are of this subtype.  Both full languages and etymology-only languages have a {Language} object associated with them, which is fetched using the {getByCode} function in [[Module:languages]] to convert a language code to a {Language} object. Depending on the options supplied to this function, etymology-only languages may or may not be accepted, and family codes may be accepted (returning a {Family} object as described in [[Module:families]]). There are also separate {getByCanonicalName} functions in [[Module:languages]] and [[Module:etymology languages]] to convert a language's canonical name to a {Language} object (depending on whether the canonical name refers to a full or etymology-only language).  Textual strings belonging to a given language come in several different ''text variants'': # The ''input text'' is what the user supplies in wikitext, in the parameters to {{temp|m}}, {{temp|l}}, {{temp|ux}},  {{temp|t}}, {{temp|lang}} and the like. # The ''display text'' is the text in the form as it will be displayed to the user. This can include accent marks that  are stripped to form the entry text (see below), as well as embedded bracketed links that are variously processed  further. The display text is generated from the input text by applying language-specific transformations; for most  languages, there will be no such transformations. Examples of transformations are bad-character replacements for  certain languages (e.g. replacing 'l' or '1' to [[palochka]] in certain languages in Cyrillic); and for Thai and  Khmer, converting space-separated words to bracketed words and resolving respelling substitutions such as [กรีน/กฺรีน],  which indicate how to transliterate given words. # The ''entry text'' is the text in the form used to generate a link to a Wiktionary entry. This is usually generated  from the display text by stripping certain sorts of diacritics on a per-language basis, and sometimes doing other  transformations. The concept of ''entry text'' only really makes sense for text that does not contain embedded links,  meaning that display text containing embedded links will need to have the links individually processed to get  per-link entry text in order to generate the resolved display text (see below). # The ''resolved display text'' is the result of resolving embedded links in the display text (e.g. converting them to  two-part links where the first part has entry-text transformations applied, and adding appropriate language-specific  fragments) and adding appropriate language and script tagging. This text can be passed directly to MediaWiki for  display. # The ''source translit text'' is the text as supplied to the language-specific {transliterate()} method. The form of  the source translit text may need to be language-specific, e.g Thai and Khmer will need the full unprocessed input  text, whereas other languages may need to work off the display text. [FIXME: It's still unclear to me how embedded  bracketed links are handled in the existing code.] In general, embedded links need to be removed (i.e. converted to  their "bare display" form by taking the right part of two-part links and removing double brackets), but when this  happens is unclear to me [FIXME]. Some languages have a chop-up-and-paste-together scheme that sends parts of the  text through the transliterate mechanism, and for others (those listed in {contiguous_substition} in  [[Module:languages/data]]) they receive the full input text, but preprocessed in certain ways. (The wisdom of this is  still unclear to me.) # The ''transliterated text'' (or ''transliteration'') is the result of transliterating the source translit text.  Unlike for all the other text variants except the transcribed text, it is always in the Latin script. # The ''transcribed text'' (or ''transcription'') is the result of transcribing the source translit text, where  "transcription" here means a close approximation to the phonetic form of the language in languages (e.g. Akkadian,  Sumerian, Ancient Egyptian, maybe Tibetan) that have a wide difference between the written letters and spoken form.  Unlike for all the other text variants other than the transliterated text, it is always in the Latin script.  Currently, the transcribed text is always supplied manually be the user; there is no such thing as a  {lua|transcribe()} method on language objects. # The ''sort key'' is the text used in sort keys for determining the placing of pages in categories they belong to. The  sort key is generated from the pagename or a specified ''sort base'' by lowercasing, doing language-specific  transformations and then uppercasing the result. If the sort base is supplied and is generated from input text, it  needs to be converted to display text, have embedded links removed (i.e. resolving them to their right side if they  are two-part links) and have entry text transformations applied. # There are other text variants that occur in usexes (specifically, there are normalized variants of several of the  above text variants), but we can skip them for now.  The following methods exist on {Language} objects to convert between different text variants: # {makeDisplayText}: This converts input text to display text. # {lua|makeEntryName}: This converts input or display text to entry text. [FIXME: This needs some rethinking. In  particular, {lua|makeEntryName} is sometimes called on display text (in some paths inside of [[Module:links]]) and  sometimes called on input text (in other paths inside of [[Module:links]], and usually from other modules). We need  to make sure we don't try to convert input text to display text twice, but at the same time we need to support  calling it directly on input text since so many modules do this. This means we need to add a parameter indicating  whether the passed-in text is input or display text; if that former, we call {lua|makeDisplayText} ourselves.] # {lua|transliterate}: This appears to convert input text with embedded brackets removed into a transliteration.  [FIXME: This needs some rethinking. In particular, it calls {lua|processDisplayText} on its input, which won't work  for Thai and Khmer, so we may need language-specific flags indicating whether to pass the input text directly to the  language transliterate method. In addition, I'm not sure how embedded links are handled in the existing translit code;  a lot of callers remove the links themselves before calling {lua|transliterate()}, which I assume is wrong.] # {lua|makeSortKey}: This converts entry text (?) to a sort key. [FIXME: Clarify this.] ]=] local export = {}  local debug_track_module = "Module:debug/track" local families_module = "Module:families" local json_module = "Module:JSON" local language_like_module = "Module:language-like" local scripts_module = "Module:scripts" local string_encode_entities_module = "Module:string/encode entities" local string_utilities_module = "Module:string utilities" local table_module = "Module:table" local utilities_module = "Module:utilities" local wikimedia_languages_module = "Module:wikimedia languages"  local mw = mw local string = string local table = table  local char = string.char local concat = table.concat local find = string.find local floor = math.floor local get_by_code -- Defined below. local gmatch = string.gmatch local gsub = string.gsub local insert = table.insert local ipairs = ipairs local load_data = mw.loadData local make_object -- Defined below. local match = string.match local next = next local pairs = pairs local remove = table.remove local require = require local select = select local setmetatable = setmetatable local type = type  -- Loaded as needed by findBestScript. local Hans_chars local Hant_chars  --[==[ Loaders for functions in other modules, which overwrite themselves with the target function when called. This ensures modules are only loaded when needed, retains the speed/convenience of locally-declared pre-loaded functions, and has no overhead after the first call, since the target functions are called directly in any subsequent calls.]==] local function check_object(...) check_object = require(utilities_module).check_object return check_object(...) end  local function debug_track(...) debug_track = require(debug_track_module) return debug_track(...) end  local function decode_entities(...) decode_entities = require(string_utilities_module).decode_entities return decode_entities(...) end  local function decode_uri(...) decode_uri = require(string_utilities_module).decode_uri return decode_uri(...) end  local function deepcopy(...) deepcopy = require(table_module).deepcopy return deepcopy(...) end  local function encode_entities(...) encode_entities = require(string_encode_entities_module) return encode_entities(...) end  local function get_script(...) get_script = require(scripts_module).getByCode return get_script(...) end  local function find_best_script_without_lang(...) find_best_script_without_lang = require(scripts_module).findBestScriptWithoutLang return find_best_script_without_lang(...) end  local function get_family(...) get_family = require(families_module).getByCode return get_family(...) end  local function get_plaintext(...) get_plaintext = require(utilities_module).get_plaintext return get_plaintext(...) end  local function get_wikimedia_lang(...) get_wikimedia_lang = require(wikimedia_languages_module).getByCode return get_wikimedia_lang(...) end  local function keys_to_list(...) keys_to_list = require(table_module).keysToList return keys_to_list(...) end  local function list_to_set(...) list_to_set = require(table_module).listToSet return list_to_set(...) end  local function make_family_object(...) make_family_object = require(families_module).makeObject return make_family_object(...) end  local function pattern_escape(...) pattern_escape = require(string_utilities_module).pattern_escape return pattern_escape(...) end  local function remove_duplicates(...) remove_duplicates = require(table_module).removeDuplicates return remove_duplicates(...) end  local function replacement_escape(...) replacement_escape = require(string_utilities_module).replacement_escape return replacement_escape(...) end  local function safe_require(...) safe_require = require(utilities_module).safe_require return safe_require(...) end  local function shallowcopy(...) shallowcopy = require(table_module).shallowcopy return shallowcopy(...) end  local function split(...) split = require(string_utilities_module).split return split(...) end  local function to_json(...) to_json = require(json_module).toJSON return to_json(...) end  local function u(...) u = require(string_utilities_module).char return u(...) end  local function ugsub(...) ugsub = require(string_utilities_module).gsub return ugsub(...) end  local function ulen(...) ulen = require(string_utilities_module).len return ulen(...) end  local function ulower(...) ulower = require(string_utilities_module).lower return ulower(...) end  local function umatch(...) umatch = require(string_utilities_module).match return umatch(...) end  local function uupper(...) uupper = require(string_utilities_module).upper return uupper(...) end  local function track(page) debug_track("languages/" .. page) return true end  local function conditionalRequire(modname, useRequire) return (useRequire and require or load_data)(modname) end  local function normalize_code(code, useRequire) return conditionalRequire("Module:languages/data", useRequire).aliases[code] or code end  -- Convert risky characters to HTML entities, which minimizes interference once returned (e.g. for "sms:a", "<!-- -->" etc.). local function escape_risky_characters(text) -- Spacing characters in isolation generally need to be escaped in order to be properly processed by the MediaWiki software. if umatch(text, "^%s*$") then return encode_entities(text, text) end return encode_entities(text, "!#%&*+/:;<=>?@[\\]_{|}") end  -- Temporarily convert various formatting characters to PUA to prevent them from being disrupted by the substitution process. local function doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, noTrim) -- Clone so that we don't insert any extra patterns into the table in package.loaded. For some reason, using require seems to keep memory use down; probably because the table is always cloned. local patterns = shallowcopy(require("Module:languages/data/patterns")) if keepCarets then insert(patterns, "((\\+)%^)") insert(patterns, "((%^))") end -- Ensure any whitespace at the beginning and end is temp substituted, to prevent it from being accidentally trimmed. We only want to trim any final spaces added during the substitution process (e.g. by a module), which means we only do this during the first round of temp substitutions. if not noTrim then insert(patterns, "^([\128-\191\244]*(%s+))") insert(patterns, "((%s+)[\128-\191\244]*)$") end -- Pre-substitution, of "[[" and "]]", which makes pattern matching more accurate. text = gsub(text, "%f[%[]%[%[", "\1") :gsub("%f[%]]%]%]", "\2") local i = #subbedChars for _, pattern in ipairs(patterns) do -- Patterns ending in \0 stand are for things like "[[" or "]]"), so the inserted PUA are treated as breaks between terms by modules that scrape info from pages. local term_divider pattern = gsub(pattern, "%z$", function(divider) term_divider = divider == "\0" return "" end) text = gsub(text, pattern, function(...) local m = {...} local m1New = m[1] for k = 2, #m do local n = i + k - 1 subbedChars[n] = m[k] local byte2 = floor(n / 4096) % 64 + (term_divider and 128 or 136) local byte3 = floor(n / 64) % 64 + 128 local byte4 = n % 64 + 128 m1New = gsub(m1New, pattern_escape(m[k]), "\244" .. char(byte2) .. char(byte3) .. char(byte4), 1) end i = i + #m - 1 return m1New end) end text = gsub(text, "\1", "%[%[") :gsub("\2", "%]%]") return text, subbedChars end  -- Reinsert any formatting that was temporarily substituted. local function undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars) for i = 1, #subbedChars do local byte2 = floor(i / 4096) % 64 + 128 local byte3 = floor(i / 64) % 64 + 128 local byte4 = i % 64 + 128 text = gsub(text, "\244[" .. char(byte2) .. char(byte2+8) .. "]" .. char(byte3) .. char(byte4), replacement_escape(subbedChars[i])) end text = gsub(text, "\1", "%[%[") :gsub("\2", "%]%]") return text end  -- Check if the raw text is an unsupported title, and if so return that. Otherwise, remove HTML entities. We do the pre-conversion to avoid loading the unsupported title list unnecessarily. local function checkNoEntities(self, text) local textNoEnc = decode_entities(text) if textNoEnc ~= text and self:loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles[text] then return text else return textNoEnc end end  -- If no script object is provided (or if it's invalid or None), get one. local function checkScript(text, self, sc) if not check_object("script", true, sc) or sc:getCode() == "None" then return self:findBestScript(text) else return sc end end  local function normalize(text, sc) text = sc:fixDiscouragedSequences(text) return sc:toFixedNFD(text) end  local function doSubstitutions(self, text, sc, substitution_data, function_name, recursed) local fail, cats = nil, {} -- If there are language-specific substitutes given in the data module, use those. if type(substitution_data) == "table" then -- If a script is specified, run this function with the script-specific data before continuing. local sc_code = sc:getCode() if substitution_data[sc_code] then text, fail, cats = doSubstitutions(self, text, sc, substitution_data[sc_code], function_name, true) -- Hant, Hans and Hani are usually treated the same, so add a special case to avoid having to specify each one separately. elseif sc_code:match("^Han") and substitution_data.Hani then text, fail, cats = doSubstitutions(self, text, sc, substitution_data.Hani, function_name, true) -- Substitution data with key 1 in the outer table may be given as a fallback. elseif substitution_data[1] then text, fail, cats = doSubstitutions(self, text, sc, substitution_data[1], function_name, true) end -- Iterate over all strings in the "from" subtable, and gsub with the corresponding string in "to". We work with the NFD decomposed forms, as this simplifies many substitutions. if substitution_data.from then for i, from in ipairs(substitution_data.from) do -- Normalize each loop, to ensure multi-stage substitutions work correctly. text = sc:toFixedNFD(text) text = ugsub(text, sc:toFixedNFD(from), substitution_data.to[i] or "") end end  if substitution_data.remove_diacritics then text = sc:toFixedNFD(text) -- Convert exceptions to PUA. local remove_exceptions, substitutes = substitution_data.remove_exceptions if remove_exceptions then substitutes = {} local i = 0 for _, exception in ipairs(remove_exceptions) do exception = sc:toFixedNFD(exception) text = ugsub(text, exception, function(m) i = i + 1 local subst = u(0x80000 + i) substitutes[subst] = m return subst end) end end -- Strip diacritics. text = ugsub(text, "[" .. substitution_data.remove_diacritics .. "]", "") -- Convert exceptions back. if remove_exceptions then text = text:gsub("\242[\128-\191]*", substitutes) end end elseif type(substitution_data) == "string" then -- If there is a dedicated function module, use that. local module = safe_require("Module:" .. substitution_data) if module then if function_name == "tr" then text, fail, cats = module[function_name](text, self:getCode(), sc:getCode()) else text, fail, cats = module[function_name](sc:toFixedNFD(text), self:getCode(), sc:getCode()) end else error("Substitution data '" .. substitution_data .. "' does not match an existing module.") end end  -- Don't normalize to NFC if this is the inner loop or if a module returned nil. if recursed or not text then return text, fail, cats end -- Fix any discouraged sequences created during the substitution process, and normalize into the final form. return sc:toFixedNFC(sc:fixDiscouragedSequences(text)), fail, cats end  -- Split the text into sections, based on the presence of temporarily substituted formatting characters, then iterate over each one to apply substitutions. This avoids putting PUA characters through language-specific modules, which may be unequipped for them. local function iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, substitution_data, function_name) local fail, cats, sections = nil, {} -- See [[Module:languages/data]]. if not find(text, "\244") or self:loadData("Module:languages/data").contiguous_substitution[self._code] then sections = {text} else sections = split(text, "\244[\128-\143][\128-\191]*", true) end for _, section in ipairs(sections) do -- Don't bother processing empty strings or whitespace (which may also not be handled well by dedicated modules). if gsub(section, "%s+", "") ~= "" then local sub, sub_fail, sub_cats = doSubstitutions(self, section, sc, substitution_data, function_name) -- Second round of temporary substitutions, in case any formatting was added by the main substitution process. However, don't do this if the section contains formatting already (as it would have had to have been escaped to reach this stage, and therefore should be given as raw text). if sub and subbedChars then local noSub for _, pattern in ipairs(require("Module:languages/data/patterns")) do if match(section, pattern .. "%z?") then noSub = true end end if not noSub then sub, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(sub, subbedChars, keepCarets, true) end end if (not sub) or sub_fail then text = sub fail = sub_fail cats = sub_cats or {} break end text = sub and gsub(text, pattern_escape(section), replacement_escape(sub), 1) or text if type(sub_cats) == "table" then for _, cat in ipairs(sub_cats) do insert(cats, cat) end end end end  -- Trim, unless there are only spacing characters, while ignoring any final formatting characters. text = text and text:gsub("^([\128-\191\244]*)%s+(%S)", "%1%2") :gsub("(%S)%s+([\128-\191\244]*)$", "%1%2")  -- Remove duplicate categories. if #cats > 1 then cats = remove_duplicates(cats) end  return text, fail, cats, subbedChars end  -- Process carets (and any escapes). Default to simple removal, if no pattern/replacement is given. local function processCarets(text, pattern, repl) local rep repeat text, rep = gsub(text, "\\\\(\\*^)", "\3%1") until rep == 0 return text:gsub("\\^", "\4") :gsub(pattern or "%^", repl or "") :gsub("\3", "\\") :gsub("\4", "^") end  -- Remove carets if they are used to capitalize parts of transliterations (unless they have been escaped). local function removeCarets(text, sc) if not sc:hasCapitalization() and sc:isTransliterated() and text:find("^", 1, true) then return processCarets(text) else return text end end  local Language = {}  function Language:loadData(modname) return (self._useRequire and require or mw.loadData)(modname) end  --[==[Returns the language code of the language. Example: {{code|lua|"fr"}} for French.]==] function Language:getCode() return self._code end  --[==[Returns the canonical name of the language. This is the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary, and is guaranteed to be unique to that language alone. Example: {{code|lua|"French"}} for French.]==] function Language:getCanonicalName() local name = self._name if name == nil then name = self._rawData[1] self._name = name end return name end  --[==[ Return the display form of the language. The display form of a language, family or script is the form it takes when appearing as the <code><var>source</var></code> in categories such as <code>English terms derived from <var>source</var></code> or <code>English given names from <var>source</var></code>, and is also the displayed text in {makeCategoryLink()} links. For full and etymology-only languages, this is the same as the canonical name, but for families, it reads <code>"<var>name</var> languages"</code> (e.g. {"Indo-Iranian languages"}), and for scripts, it reads <code>"<var>name</var> script"</code> (e.g. {"Arabic script"}). ]==] function Language:getDisplayForm() local form = self._displayForm if form == nil then form = self:getCanonicalName() -- Add article and " substrate" to substrates that lack them. if self:getFamilyCode() == "qfa-sub" then if not (match(form, "^[Tt]he ") or match(form, "^[Aa] ")) then form = "a " .. form end if not match(form, "[Ss]ubstrate") then form = form .. " substrate" end end self._displayForm = form end return form end  --[==[Returns the value which should be used in the HTML lang= attribute for tagged text in the language.]==] function Language:getHTMLAttribute(sc, region) local code = self._code if not find(code, "-", 1, true) then return code .. "-" .. sc:getCode() .. (region and "-" .. region or "") end local parent = self:getParent() region = region or match(code, "%f[%u][%u-]+%f[%U]") if parent then return parent:getHTMLAttribute(sc, region) end -- TODO: ISO family codes can also be used. return "mis-" .. sc:getCode() .. (region and "-" .. region or "") end  --[==[Returns a table of the "other names" that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"Manx Gaelic", "Northern Manx", "Southern Manx"} }} for [[:Category:Manx language|Manx]]. If <code>onlyOtherNames</code> is given and is non-{{code|lua|nil}}, only names explicitly listed in the <code>otherNames</code> field are returned; otherwise, names listed under <code>otherNames</code>, <code>aliases</code> and <code>varieties</code> are combined together and returned. For example, for Manx, Manx Gaelic is listed as an alias, while Northern Manx and Southern Manx are listed as varieties. It should be noted that the <code>otherNames</code> field itself is deprecated, and entries listed there should eventually be moved to either <code>aliases</code> or <code>varieties</code>.]==] function Language:getOtherNames(onlyOtherNames) if #self._stack == 1 then self:loadInExtraData() end return require(language_like_module).getOtherNames(self, onlyOtherNames) end  --[==[Returns a table of the aliases that the language is known by, excluding the canonical name. Aliases are synonyms for the language in question. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes more than one language is known by the same name. Example: {{code|lua|{"High German", "New High German", "Deutsch"} }} for [[:Category:German language|German]].]==] function Language:getAliases() if #self._stack == 1 then self:loadInExtraData() end return self._rawData.aliases or (self._extraData and self._extraData.aliases) or {} end  --[==[ Return a table of the known subvarieties of a given language, excluding subvarieties that have been given explicit etymology-only language codes. The names are not guaranteed to be unique, in that sometimes a given name refers to a subvariety of more than one language. Example: {{code|lua|{"Southern Aymara", "Central Aymara"} }} for [[:Category:Aymara language|Aymara]]. Note that the returned value can have nested tables in it, when a subvariety goes by more than one name. Example: {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", {"Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar"}, {"Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay"}, "Sonqor"} }} for [[:Category:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]. Here, for example, Afshar, Afshari, Afshar Azerbaijani and Afchar all refer to the same subvariety, whose preferred name is Afshar (the one listed first). To avoid a return value with nested tables in it, specify a non-{{code|lua|nil}} value for the <code>flatten</code> parameter; in that case, the return value would be {{code|lua|{"North Azerbaijani", "South Azerbaijani", "Afshar", "Afshari", "Afshar Azerbaijani", "Afchar", "Qashqa'i", "Qashqai", "Kashkay", "Sonqor"} }}. ]==] function Language:getVarieties(flatten) if #self._stack == 1 then self:loadInExtraData() end return require(language_like_module).getVarieties(self, flatten) end  --[==[Returns a table of types as a lookup table (with the types as keys).   The possible types are * {language}: This is a language, either full or etymology-only. * {full}: This is a "full" (not etymology-only) language, i.e. the union of {regular}, {reconstructed} and  {appendix-constructed}. Note that the types {full} and {etymology-only} also exist for families, so if you  want to check specifically for a full language and you have an object that might be a family, you should  use {{lua|hasType("language", "full")}} and not simply {{lua|hasType("full")}}. * {etymology-only}: This is an etymology-only (not full) language, whose parent is another etymology-only language or a full language. Note that the types {full} and {etymology-only} also exist for families, so if you want to check specifically for an etymology-only language and you have an object that might be a family, you should use {{lua|hasType("language", "etymology-only")}} and not simply {{lua|hasType("etymology-only")}}. * {regular}: This indicates a full language that is attested according to [[WT:CFI]] and therefore permitted  in the main namespace. There may also be reconstructed terms for the language, which are placed in  the {Reconstruction} namespace and must be prefixed with * to indicate a reconstruction. Most full  languages are natural (not constructed) languages, but a few constructed languages (e.g. Esperanto  and Volapük, among others) are also allowed in the mainspace and considered regular languages. * {reconstructed}: This language is not attested according to [[WT:CFI]], and therefore is allowed only in the  {Reconstruction} namespace. All terms in this language are reconstructed, and must be prefixed  with *. Languages such as Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic are in this category. * {appendix-constructed}: This language is attested but does not meet the additional requirements set out for  constructed languages ([[WT:CFI#Constructed languages]]). Its entries must therefore  be in the Appendix namespace, but they are not reconstructed and therefore should  not have * prefixed in links. ]==] function Language:getTypes() local types = self._types if types == nil then types = {language = true} if self:getFullCode() == self._code then types.full = true else types["etymology-only"] = true end for t in gmatch(self._rawData.type, "[^,]+") do types[t] = true end self._types = types end return types end  --[==[Given a list of types as strings, returns true if the language has all of them.]==] function Language:hasType(...) local args, types = {...}, self:getTypes() for i = 1, #args do if not types[args[i]] then return false end end return true end  --[==[Returns a table containing <code>WikimediaLanguage</code> objects (see [[Module:wikimedia languages]]), which represent languages and their codes as they are used in Wikimedia projects for interwiki linking and such. More than one object may be returned, as a single Wiktionary language may correspond to multiple Wikimedia languages. For example, Wiktionary's single code <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian) maps to four Wikimedia codes: <code>sh</code> (Serbo-Croatian), <code>bs</code> (Bosnian), <code>hr</code> (Croatian) and <code>sr</code> (Serbian). The code for the Wikimedia language is retrieved from the <code>wikimedia_codes</code> property in the data modules. If that property is not present, the code of the current language is used. If none of the available codes is actually a valid Wikimedia code, an empty table is returned.]==] function Language:getWikimediaLanguages() local wm_langs = self._wikimediaLanguageObjects if wm_langs == nil then local codes = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes() wm_langs = {} for i = 1, #codes do wm_langs[i] = get_wikimedia_lang(codes[i]) end self._wikimediaLanguageObjects = wm_langs end return wm_langs end  function Language:getWikimediaLanguageCodes() local wm_langs = self._wikimediaLanguageCodes if wm_langs == nil then wm_langs = self._rawData.wikimedia_codes wm_langs = wm_langs and split(wm_langs, ",", true, true) or {self._code} self._wikimediaLanguageCodes = wm_langs end return wm_langs end  --[==[ Returns the name of the Wikipedia article for the language. `project` specifies the language and project to retrieve the article from, defaulting to {"enwiki"} for the English Wikipedia. Normally if specified it should be the project code for a specific-language Wikipedia e.g. "zhwiki" for the Chinese Wikipedia, but it can be any project, including non-Wikipedia ones. If the project is the English Wikipedia and the property {wikipedia_article} is present in the data module it will be used first. In all other cases, a sitelink will be generated from {:getWikidataItem} (if set). The resulting value (or lack of value) is cached so that subsequent calls are fast. If no value could be determined, and `noCategoryFallback` is {false}, {:getCategoryName} is used as fallback; otherwise, {nil} is returned. Note that if `noCategoryFallback` is {nil} or omitted, it defaults to {false} if the project is the English Wikipedia, otherwise to {true}. In other words, under normal circumstances, if the English Wikipedia article couldn't be retrieved, the return value will fall back to a link to the language's category, but this won't normally happen for any other project. ]==] function Language:getWikipediaArticle(noCategoryFallback, project) Language.getWikipediaArticle = require(language_like_module).getWikipediaArticle return self:getWikipediaArticle(noCategoryFallback, project) end  function Language:makeWikipediaLink() return "[[w:" .. self:getWikipediaArticle() .. "|" .. self:getCanonicalName() .. "]]" end  --[==[Returns the name of the Wikimedia Commons category page for the language.]==] function Language:getCommonsCategory() Language.getCommonsCategory = require(language_like_module).getCommonsCategory return self:getCommonsCategory() end  --[==[Returns the Wikidata item id for the language or <code>nil</code>. This corresponds to the the second field in the data modules.]==] function Language:getWikidataItem() Language.getWikidataItem = require(language_like_module).getWikidataItem return self:getWikidataItem() end  --[==[Returns a table of <code>Script</code> objects for all scripts that the language is written in. See [[Module:scripts]].]==] function Language:getScripts() local scripts = self._scriptObjects if scripts == nil then local codes = self:getScriptCodes() if codes[1] == "All" then scripts = self:loadData("Module:scripts/data") else scripts = {} for i = 1, #codes do scripts[i] = get_script(codes[i], nil, nil, self._useRequire) end end self._scriptObjects = scripts end return scripts end  --[==[Returns the table of script codes in the language's data file.]==] function Language:getScriptCodes() local scripts = self._scriptCodes if scripts == nil then scripts = self._rawData[4] if scripts then local codes, n = {}, 0 for code in gmatch(scripts, "[^,]+") do n = n + 1 -- Special handling of "Hants", which represents "Hani", "Hant" and "Hans" collectively. if code == "Hants" then codes[n] = "Hani" codes[n + 1] = "Hant" codes[n + 2] = "Hans" n = n + 2 else codes[n] = code end end scripts = codes else scripts = {"None"} end self._scriptCodes = scripts end return scripts end  --[==[Given some text, this function iterates through the scripts of a given language and tries to find the script that best matches the text. It returns a {{code|lua|Script}} object representing the script. If no match is found at all, it returns the {{code|lua|None}} script object.]==] function Language:findBestScript(text, forceDetect) local useRequire = self._useRequire  if not text or text == "" or text == "-" then return get_script("None") end  -- Differs from table returned by getScriptCodes, as Hants is not normalized into its constituents. local codes = self._bestScriptCodes if codes == nil then codes = self._rawData[4] codes = codes and split(codes, ",", true, true) or {"None"} self._bestScriptCodes = codes end  local first_sc = codes[1]  if first_sc == "All" then return find_best_script_without_lang(text) end  local codes_len = #codes  if not (forceDetect or first_sc == "Hants" or codes_len > 1) then first_sc = get_script(first_sc, nil, nil, useRequire) local charset = first_sc.characters return charset and umatch(text, "[" .. charset .. "]") and first_sc or get_script("None", nil, nil, useRequire) end  -- Remove all formatting characters. text = get_plaintext(text)  -- Remove all spaces and any ASCII punctuation. Some non-ASCII punctuation is script-specific, so can't be removed. text = ugsub(text, "[%s!\"#%%&'()*,%-./:;?@[\\%]_{}]+", "") if #text == 0 then return get_script("None", nil, nil, useRequire) end  -- Try to match every script against the text, -- and return the one with the most matching characters. local bestcount, bestscript, length = 0 for i = 1, codes_len do local sc = codes[i] -- Special case for "Hants", which is a special code that represents whichever of "Hant" or "Hans" best matches, or "Hani" if they match equally. This avoids having to list all three. In addition, "Hants" will be treated as the best match if there is at least one matching character, under the assumption that a Han script is desirable in terms that contain a mix of Han and other scripts (not counting those which use Jpan or Kore). if sc == "Hants" then local Hani = get_script("Hani", nil, nil, useRequire) if not Hant_chars then Hant_chars = self:loadData("Module:zh/data/ts") Hans_chars = self:loadData("Module:zh/data/st") end local t, s, found = 0, 0 -- This is faster than using mw.ustring.gmatch directly. for ch in gmatch(ugsub(text, "[" .. Hani.characters .. "]", "\255%0"), "\255(.[\128-\191]*)") do found = true if Hant_chars[ch] then t = t + 1 if Hans_chars[ch] then s = s + 1 end elseif Hans_chars[ch] then s = s + 1 else t, s = t + 1, s + 1 end end  if found then if t == s then return Hani end return get_script(t > s and "Hant" or "Hans", nil, nil, useRequire) end else sc = get_script(sc, nil, nil, useRequire)  if not length then length = ulen(text) end  -- Count characters by removing everything in the script's charset and comparing to the original length. local charset = sc.characters local count = charset and length - ulen(ugsub(text, "[" .. charset .. "]+", "")) or 0  if count >= length then return sc elseif count > bestcount then bestcount = count bestscript = sc end end end  -- Return best matching script, or otherwise None. return bestscript or get_script("None", nil, nil, useRequire) end  --[==[Returns a <code>Family</code> object for the language family that the language belongs to. See [[Module:families]].]==] function Language:getFamily() local family = self._familyObject if family == nil then family = self:getFamilyCode() -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. family = family and get_family(family, self._useRequire) or false self._familyObject = family end return family or nil end  --[==[Returns the family code in the language's data file.]==] function Language:getFamilyCode() local family = self._familyCode if family == nil then -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. family = self._rawData[3] or false self._familyCode = family end return family or nil end  function Language:getFamilyName() local family = self._familyName if family == nil then family = self:getFamily() -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. family = family and family:getCanonicalName() or false self._familyName = family end return family or nil end  --[==[Check whether the language belongs to `family` (which can be a family code or object). A list of objects can be given in place of `family`; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families. Note that some languages (in particular, certain creoles) can have multiple immediate ancestors potentially belonging to different families; in that case, return true if the language belongs to any of the specified families.]==] function Language:inFamily(...) --check_object("family", nil, ...) for _, family in ipairs{...} do if type(family) == "table" then family = family:getCode() end local self_family_code = self:getFamilyCode() if not self_family_code then return false elseif self_family_code == family then return true end local self_family = self:getFamily() if self_family:inFamily(family) then return true -- If the family isn't a real family (e.g. creoles) check any ancestors. elseif self_family:getFamilyCode() == "qfa-not" then local ancestors = self:getAncestors() for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do if ancestor:inFamily(family) then return true end end end end return false end  function Language:getParent() local parent = self._parentObject if parent == nil then parent = self:getParentCode() -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. parent = parent and get_by_code(parent, nil, true, true, self._useRequire) or false self._parentObject = parent end return parent or nil end  function Language:getParentCode() local parent = self._parentCode if parent == nil then -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. parent = self._rawData[5] or false self._parentCode = parent end return parent or nil end  function Language:getParentName() local parent = self._parentName if parent == nil then parent = self:getParent() -- If the value is nil, it's cached as false. parent = parent and parent:getCanonicalName() or false self._parentName = parent end return parent or nil end  function Language:getParentChain() local chain = self._parentChain if chain == nil then chain = {} local parent, n = self:getParent(), 0 while parent do n = n + 1 chain[n] = parent parent = parent:getParent() end self._parentChain = chain end return chain end  function Language:hasParent(...) --check_object("language", nil, ...) for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do for _, parent in ipairs(self:getParentChain()) do if type(otherlang) == "string" then if otherlang == parent:getCode() then return true end else if otherlang:getCode() == parent:getCode() then return true end end end end return false end  --[==[ If the language is etymology-only, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding object is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns itself. ]==] function Language:getFull() local full = self._fullObject if full == nil then full = self:getFullCode() full = full == self._code and self or get_by_code(full, nil, nil, nil, self._useRequire) self._fullObject = full end return full end  --[==[ If the language is an etymology-only language, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding code is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns the language code. ]==] function Language:getFullCode() return self._fullCode or self._code end  --[==[ If the language is an etymology-only language, this iterates through parents until a full language or family is found, and the corresponding canonical name is returned. If the language is a full language, then it simply returns the canonical name of the language. ]==] function Language:getFullName() local full = self._fullName if full == nil then full = self:getFull():getCanonicalName() self._fullName = full end return full end  --[==[Returns a table of <code class="nf">Language</code> objects for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.]==] function Language:getAncestors() if not self._ancestorObjects then self._ancestorObjects = {} local ancestors = shallowcopy(self:getAncestorCodes()) if #ancestors > 0 then for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do insert(self._ancestorObjects, get_by_code(ancestor, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire)) end else local fam = self:getFamily() local protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil -- For the cases where the current language is the proto-language -- of its family, or an etymology-only language that is ancestral to that -- proto-language, we need to step up a level higher right from the -- start. if protoLang and ( protoLang:getCode() == self._code or (self:hasType("etymology-only") and protoLang:hasAncestor(self)) ) then fam = fam:getFamily() protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil end while not protoLang and not (not fam or fam:getCode() == "qfa-not") do fam = fam:getFamily() protoLang = fam and fam:getProtoLanguage() or nil end insert(self._ancestorObjects, protoLang) end end return self._ancestorObjects end  do -- Avoid a language being its own ancestor via class inheritance. We only need to check for this if the language has inherited an ancestor table from its parent, because we never want to drop ancestors that have been explicitly set in the data. -- Recursively iterate over ancestors until we either find self or run out. If self is found, return true. local function check_ancestor(self, lang) local codes = lang:getAncestorCodes() if not codes then return nil end for i = 1, #codes do local code = codes[i] if code == self._code then return true end local anc = get_by_code(code, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire) if check_ancestor(self, anc) then return true end end end  --[==[Returns a table of <code class="nf">Language</code> codes for all languages that this language is directly descended from. Generally this is only a single language, but creoles, pidgins and mixed languages can have multiple ancestors.]==] function Language:getAncestorCodes() if self._ancestorCodes then return self._ancestorCodes end local codes = self._rawData.ancestors if not codes then codes = {} self._ancestorCodes = codes return codes end codes = split(codes, ",", true, true) self._ancestorCodes = codes if ( #codes == 0 or #self._stack == 1 or self._stack[#self._stack].ancestors ) then return codes end local i, code = 1 while i <= #codes do code = codes[i] if check_ancestor(self, self) then remove(codes, i) else i = i + 1 end end return codes end end  --[==[Given a list of language objects or codes, returns true if at least one of them is an ancestor. This includes any etymology-only children of that ancestor. If the language's ancestor(s) are etymology-only languages, it will also return true for those language parent(s) (e.g. if Vulgar Latin is the ancestor, it will also return true for its parent, Latin). However, a parent is excluded from this if the ancestor is also ancestral to that parent (e.g. if Classical Persian is the ancestor, Persian would return false, because Classical Persian is also ancestral to Persian).]==] function Language:hasAncestor(...) --check_object("language", nil, ...)  local function iterateOverAncestorTree(node, func, parent_check) local ancestors = node:getAncestors() local ancestorsParents = {} for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do local ret = func(ancestor) or iterateOverAncestorTree(ancestor, func, parent_check) if ret then return ret end end -- Check the parents of any ancestors. We don't do this if checking the parents of the other language, so that we exclude any etymology-only children of those parents that are not directly related (e.g. if the ancestor is Vulgar Latin and we are checking New Latin, we want it to return false because they are on different ancestral branches. As such, if we're already checking the parent of New Latin (Latin) we don't want to compare it to the parent of the ancestor (Latin), as this would be a false positive; it should be one or the other). if not parent_check then return nil end for _, ancestor in ipairs(ancestors) do local ancestorParents = ancestor:getParentChain() for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorParents) do if ancestorParent:getCode() == self._code or ancestorParent:hasAncestor(ancestor) then break else insert(ancestorsParents, ancestorParent) end end end for _, ancestorParent in ipairs(ancestorsParents) do local ret = func(ancestorParent) if ret then return ret end end end  local function do_iteration(otherlang, parent_check) -- otherlang can't be self if (type(otherlang) == "string" and otherlang or otherlang:getCode()) == self._code then return false end repeat if iterateOverAncestorTree( self, function(ancestor) return ancestor:getCode() == (type(otherlang) == "string" and otherlang or otherlang:getCode()) end, parent_check ) then return true elseif type(otherlang) == "string" then otherlang = get_by_code(otherlang, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire) end otherlang = otherlang:getParent() parent_check = false until not otherlang end  local parent_check = true for _, otherlang in ipairs{...} do local ret = do_iteration(otherlang, parent_check) if ret then return true end end return false end  function Language:getAncestorChain() if not self._ancestorChain then self._ancestorChain = {} local step = self while true do local ancestors = step:getAncestors() step = #ancestors == 1 and ancestors[1] or nil if not step then break end insert(self._ancestorChain, 1, step) end end return self._ancestorChain end  local function fetch_descendants(self, format) local languages = require("Module:languages/code to canonical name") local etymology_languages = require("Module:etymology languages/code to canonical name") local families = require("Module:families/code to canonical name") local descendants = {} local family = self:getFamily() -- Iterate over all three datasets. for _, data in ipairs{languages, etymology_languages, families} do for code in pairs(data) do local lang = get_by_code(code, nil, true, true, self._useRequire) -- Test for a descendant. Earlier tests weed out most candidates, while the more intensive tests are only used sparingly. if ( code ~= self._code and -- Not self. lang:inFamily(family) and -- In the same family. ( family:getProtoLanguageCode() == self._code or -- Self is the protolanguage. self:hasDescendant(lang) or -- Full hasDescendant check. (lang:getFullCode() == self._code and not self:hasAncestor(lang)) -- Etymology-only child which isn't an ancestor. ) ) then if format == "object" then insert(descendants, lang) elseif format == "code" then insert(descendants, code) elseif format == "name" then insert(descendants, lang:getCanonicalName()) end end end end return descendants end  function Language:getDescendants() if not self._descendantObjects then self._descendantObjects = fetch_descendants(self, "object") end return self._descendantObjects end  function Language:getDescendantCodes() if not self._descendantCodes then self._descendantCodes = fetch_descendants(self, "code") end return self._descendantCodes end  function Language:getDescendantNames() if not self._descendantNames then self._descendantNames = fetch_descendants(self, "name") end return self._descendantNames end  function Language:hasDescendant(...) for _, lang in ipairs{...} do if type(lang) == "string" then lang = get_by_code(lang, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire) end if lang:hasAncestor(self) then return true end end return false end  local function fetch_children(self, format) local m_etym_data = require("Module:etymology languages/data") local self_code = self._code local children = {} for code, data in pairs(m_etym_data) do local _data = data repeat local parent = _data[5] if parent == self_code then if format == "object" then insert(children, get_by_code(code, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire)) elseif format == "code" then insert(children, code) elseif format == "name" then insert(children, data[1]) end break end _data = m_etym_data[parent] until not _data end return children end  function Language:getChildren() if not self._childObjects then self._childObjects = fetch_children(self, "object") end return self._childObjects end  function Language:getChildrenCodes() if not self._childCodes then self._childCodes = fetch_children(self, "code") end return self._childCodes end  function Language:getChildrenNames() if not self._childNames then self._childNames = fetch_children(self, "name") end return self._childNames end  function Language:hasChild(...) local lang = ... if not lang then return false elseif type(lang) == "string" then lang = get_by_code(lang, nil, true, nil, self._useRequire) end if lang:hasParent(self) then return true end return self:hasChild(select(2, ...)) end  --[==[Returns the name of the main category of that language. Example: {{code|lua|"French language"}} for French, whose category is at [[:Category:French language]]. Unless optional argument <code>nocap</code> is given, the language name at the beginning of the returned value will be capitalized. This capitalization is correct for category names, but not if the language name is lowercase and the returned value of this function is used in the middle of a sentence.]==] function Language:getCategoryName(nocap) if not self._categoryName then local name = self:getCanonicalName() -- Only add " language" if a full language. if #self._stack == 1 then -- If the name already has "language" in it, don't add it. if not match(name, "[Ll]anguage$") then name = name .. " language" end end self._categoryName = name end if nocap then return self._categoryName else return mw.getContentLanguage():ucfirst(self._categoryName) end end  --[==[Creates a link to the category; the link text is the canonical name.]==] function Language:makeCategoryLink() return "[[:Category:" .. self:getCategoryName() .. "|" .. self:getDisplayForm() .. "]]" end  function Language:getStandardCharacters(sc) if type(self._rawData.standardChars) ~= "table" then return self._rawData.standardChars else if sc and type(sc) ~= "string" then check_object("script", nil, sc) sc = sc:getCode() end if (not sc) or sc == "None" then local scripts = {} for _, script in pairs(self._rawData.standardChars) do insert(scripts, script) end return concat(scripts) end if self._rawData.standardChars[sc] then return self._rawData.standardChars[sc] .. (self._rawData.standardChars[1] or "") end end end  --[==[Make the entry name (i.e. the correct page name).]==] function Language:makeEntryName(text, sc) if (not text) or text == "" then return text, nil, {} end  -- Set `unsupported` as true if certain conditions are met. local unsupported -- Check if there's an unsupported character. \239\191\189 is the replacement character U+FFFD, which can't be typed directly here due to an abuse filter. Unix-style dot-slash notation is also unsupported, as it is used for relative paths in links, as are 3 or more consecutive tildes. -- Note: match is faster with magic characters/charsets; find is faster with plaintext. if ( match(text, "[#<>%[%]_{|}]") or find(text, "\239\191\189") or match(text, "%f[^%z/]%.%.?%f[%z/]") or find(text, "~~~") ) then unsupported = true -- If it looks like an interwiki link. elseif find(text, ":") then local prefix = gsub(text, "^:*(.-):.*", ulower) if ( self:loadData("Module:data/namespaces")[prefix] or self:loadData("Module:data/interwikis")[prefix] ) then unsupported = true end end  -- Check if the text is a listed unsupported title. local unsupportedTitles = self:loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_titles if unsupportedTitles[text] then return "Unsupported titles/" .. unsupportedTitles[text], nil, {} end  sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)  local fail, cats text = normalize(text, sc) text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.entry_name, "makeEntryName")  text = umatch(text, "^[¿¡]?(.-[^%s%p].-)%s*[؟?!;՛՜ ՞ ՟？！︖︕।॥။၊་།]?$") or text   -- Escape unsupported characters so they can be used in titles. ` is used as a delimiter for this, so a raw use of it in an unsupported title is also escaped here to prevent interference; this is only done with unsupported titles, though, so inclusion won't in itself mean a title is treated as unsupported (which is why it's excluded from the earlier test). if unsupported then local unsupported_characters = self:loadData("Module:links/data").unsupported_characters text = text:gsub("[#<>%[%]_`{|}\239]\191?\189?", unsupported_characters) :gsub("%f[^%z/]%.%.?%f[%z/]", function(m) return gsub(m, "%.", "`period`") end) :gsub("~~~+", function(m) return gsub(m, "~", "`tilde`") end) text = "Unsupported titles/" .. text end  return text, fail, cats end  --[==[Generates alternative forms using a specified method, and returns them as a table. If no method is specified, returns a table containing only the input term.]==] function Language:generateForms(text, sc) if self._rawData.generate_forms then sc = checkScript(text, self, sc) return require("Module:" .. self._rawData.generate_forms).generateForms(text, self._code, sc:getCode()) else return {text} end end  --[==[Creates a sort key for the given entry name, following the rules appropriate for the language. This removes diacritical marks from the entry name if they are not considered significant for sorting, and may perform some other changes. Any initial hyphen is also removed, and anything parentheses is removed as well. The <code>sort_key</code> setting for each language in the data modules defines the replacements made by this function, or it gives the name of the module that takes the entry name and returns a sortkey.]==] function Language:makeSortKey(text, sc) if (not text) or text == "" then return text, nil, {} end if match(text, "<[^<>]+>") then track("track HTML tag") end -- Remove directional characters, soft hyphens, strip markers and HTML tags. text = ugsub(text, "[\194\173\226\128\170-\226\128\174\226\129\166-\226\129\169]", "") text = gsub(mw.text.unstrip(text), "<[^<>]+>", "")  text = decode_uri(text, "PATH") text = checkNoEntities(self, text)  -- Remove initial hyphens and * unless the term only consists of spacing + punctuation characters. text = ugsub(text, "^([􀀀-􏿽]*)[-־ـ᠊*]+([􀀀-􏿽]*)(.*[^%s%p].*)", "%1%2%3")  sc = checkScript(text, self, sc)  text = normalize(text, sc) text = removeCarets(text, sc)  -- For languages with dotted dotless i, ensure that "İ" is sorted as "i", and "I" is sorted as "ı". if self:hasDottedDotlessI() then text = gsub(text, "I\204\135", "i") -- decomposed "İ" :gsub("I", "ı") text = sc:toFixedNFD(text) end -- Convert to lowercase, make the sortkey, then convert to uppercase. Where the language has dotted dotless i, it is usually not necessary to convert "i" to "İ" and "ı" to "I" first, because "I" will always be interpreted as conventional "I" (not dotless "İ") by any sorting algorithms, which will have been taken into account by the sortkey substitutions themselves. However, if no sortkey substitutions have been specified, then conversion is necessary so as to prevent "i" and "ı" both being sorted as "I". -- An exception is made for scripts that (sometimes) sort by scraping page content, as that means they are sensitive to changes in capitalization (as it changes the target page). local fail, cats if not sc:sortByScraping() then text = ulower(text) end  text, fail, cats = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, nil, nil, self, sc, self._rawData.sort_key, "makeSortKey")  if not sc:sortByScraping() then if self:hasDottedDotlessI() and not self._rawData.sort_key then text = gsub(gsub(text, "ı", "I"), "i", "İ") text = sc:toFixedNFC(text) end text = uupper(text) end  -- Remove parentheses, as long as they are either preceded or followed by something. text = gsub(text, "(.)[()]+", "%1") :gsub("[()]+(.)", "%1")  text = escape_risky_characters(text) return text, fail, cats end  --[==[Create the form used as as a basis for display text and transliteration.]==] local function processDisplayText(text, self, sc, keepCarets, keepPrefixes) local subbedChars = {} text, subbedChars = doTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets)  text = decode_uri(text, "PATH") text = checkNoEntities(self, text)  sc = checkScript(text, self, sc) local fail, cats text = normalize(text, sc) text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, keepCarets, self, sc, self._rawData.display_text, "makeDisplayText")  text = removeCarets(text, sc)  -- Remove any interwiki link prefixes (unless they have been escaped or this has been disabled). if find(text, ":") and not keepPrefixes then local rep repeat text, rep = gsub(text, "\\\\(\\*:)", "\3%1") until rep == 0 text = gsub(text, "\\:", "\4") while true do local prefix = gsub(text, "^(.-):.+", function(m1) return gsub(m1, "\244[\128-\191]*", "") end) if not prefix or prefix == text then break end local lower_prefix = ulower(prefix) if not (self:loadData("Module:data/interwikis")[lower_prefix] or prefix == "") then break end text = gsub(text, "^(.-):(.*)", function(m1, m2) local ret = {} for subbedChar in gmatch(m1, "\244[\128-\191]*") do insert(ret, subbedChar) end return concat(ret) .. m2 end) end text = gsub(text, "\3", "\\") :gsub("\4", ":") end  return text, fail, cats, subbedChars end  --[==[Make the display text (i.e. what is displayed on the page).]==] function Language:makeDisplayText(text, sc, keepPrefixes) if (not text) or text == "" then return text, nil, {} end  local fail, cats, subbedChars text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, nil, keepPrefixes)  text = escape_risky_characters(text) return undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars), fail, cats end  --[==[Transliterates the text from the given script into the Latin script (see [[Wiktionary:Transliteration and romanization]]). The language must have the <code>translit</code> property for this to work; if it is not present, {{code|lua|nil}} is returned. Returns three values: # The transliteration. # A boolean which indicates whether the transliteration failed for an unexpected reason. If {{code|lua|false}}, then the transliteration either succeeded, or the module is returning nothing in a controlled way (e.g. the input was {{code|lua|"-"}}). Generally, this means that no maintenance action is required. If {{code|lua|true}}, then the transliteration is {{code|lua|nil}} because either the input or output was defective in some way (e.g. [[Module:ar-translit]] will not transliterate non-vocalised inputs, and this module will fail partially-completed transliterations in all languages). Note that this value can be manually set by the transliteration module, so make sure to cross-check to ensure it is accurate. # A table of categories selected by the transliteration module, which should be in the format expected by {{code|lua|format_categories}} in [[Module:utilities]]. The <code>sc</code> parameter is handled by the transliteration module, and how it is handled is specific to that module. Some transliteration modules may tolerate {{code|lua|nil}} as the script, others require it to be one of the possible scripts that the module can transliterate, and will show an error if it's not one of them. For this reason, the <code>sc</code> parameter should always be provided when writing non-language-specific code. The <code>module_override</code> parameter is used to override the default module that is used to provide the transliteration. This is useful in cases where you need to demonstrate a particular module in use, but there is no default module yet, or you want to demonstrate an alternative version of a transliteration module before making it official. It should not be used in real modules or templates, only for testing. All uses of this parameter are tracked by [[Wiktionary:Tracking/module_override]]. '''Known bugs''': * This function assumes {tr(s1) .. tr(s2) == tr(s1 .. s2)}. When this assertion fails, wikitext markups like <nowiki>'''</nowiki> can cause wrong transliterations. * HTML entities like <code>&amp;apos;</code>, often used to escape wikitext markups, do not work.]==] function Language:transliterate(text, sc, module_override) -- If there is no text, or the language doesn't have transliteration data and there's no override, return nil. if not (self._rawData.translit or module_override) then return nil, false, {} elseif (not text) or text == "" or text == "-" then return text, false, {} end -- If the script is not transliteratable (and no override is given), return nil. sc = checkScript(text, self, sc) if not (sc:isTransliterated() or module_override) then -- temporary tracking to see if/when this gets triggered track("non-transliterable") track("non-transliterable/" .. self:getCode()) track("non-transliterable/" .. sc:getCode()) track("non-transliterable/" .. sc:getCode() .. "/" .. self:getCode()) return nil, true, {} end  -- Remove any strip markers. text = mw.text.unstrip(text)  -- Get the display text with the keepCarets flag set. local fail, cats, subbedChars text, fail, cats, subbedChars = processDisplayText(text, self, sc, true)  -- Transliterate (using the module override if applicable). text, fail, cats, subbedChars = iterateSectionSubstitutions(text, subbedChars, true, self, sc, module_override or self._rawData.translit, "tr")  if not text then return nil, true, cats end  -- Incomplete transliterations return nil. local charset = sc.characters if charset and umatch(text, "[" .. charset .. "]") then -- Remove any characters in Latin, which includes Latin characters also included in other scripts (as these are false positives), as well as any PUA substitutions. Anything remaining should only be script code "None" (e.g. numerals). local check_text = ugsub(text, "[" .. get_script("Latn").characters .. "􀀀-􏿽]+", "") -- Set none_is_last_resort_only flag, so that any non-None chars will cause a script other than "None" to be returned. if find_best_script_without_lang(check_text, true):getCode() ~= "None" then return nil, true, cats end end  text = escape_risky_characters(text) text = undoTempSubstitutions(text, subbedChars)  -- If the script does not use capitalization, then capitalize any letters of the transliteration which are immediately preceded by a caret (and remove the caret). if text and not sc:hasCapitalization() and text:find("^", 1, true) then text = processCarets(text, "%^([\128-\191\244]*%*?)([^\128-\191\244][\128-\191]*)", function(m1, m2) return m1 .. uupper(m2) end) end  -- Track module overrides. if module_override ~= nil then track("module_override") end  fail = text == nil and (not not fail) or false  return text, fail, cats end  do local function handle_language_spec(self, spec, sc) local ret = self["_" .. spec] if ret == nil then ret = self._rawData[spec] if type(ret) == "string" then ret = list_to_set(split(ret, ",", true, true)) end self["_" .. spec] = ret end if type(ret) == "table" then ret = ret[sc:getCode()] end return not not ret end  function Language:overrideManualTranslit(sc) return handle_language_spec(self, "override_translit", sc) end  function Language:link_tr(sc) return handle_language_spec(self, "link_tr", sc) end end  --[==[Returns {{code|lua|true}} if the language has a transliteration module, or {{code|lua|false}} if it doesn't.]==] function Language:hasTranslit() return not not self._rawData.translit end  --[==[Returns {{code|lua|true}} if the language uses the letters I/ı and İ/i, or {{code|lua|false}} if it doesn't.]==] function Language:hasDottedDotlessI() return not not self._rawData.dotted_dotless_i end  function Language:toJSON(returnTable) local entryNamePatterns = nil local entryNameRemoveDiacritics = nil  if self._rawData.entry_name then entryNameRemoveDiacritics = self._rawData.entry_name.remove_diacritics if self._rawData.entry_name.from then entryNamePatterns = {} for i, from in ipairs(self._rawData.entry_name.from) do insert(entryNamePatterns, {from = from, to = self._rawData.entry_name.to[i] or ""}) end end end  -- mainCode should only end up non-nil if dontCanonicalizeAliases is passed to make_object(). local ret = deepcopy{ ancestors = self:getAncestorCodes(), canonicalName = self:getCanonicalName(), categoryName = self:getCategoryName("nocap"), code = self._code, mainCode = self._main_code, entryNamePatterns = entryNamePatterns, entryNameRemoveDiacritics = entryNameRemoveDiacritics, family = self:getFamilyCode(), otherNames = self:getOtherNames(true), aliases = self:getAliases(), varieties = self:getVarieties(), scripts = self:getScriptCodes(), parent = self._parentCode or nil, full = self._fullCode or nil, type = keys_to_list(self:getTypes()), wikimediaLanguages = self:getWikimediaLanguageCodes(), wikidataItem = self:getWikidataItem(), }  if returnTable then return ret else return to_json(ret) end end  --[==[ <span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span> Returns a blob of data about the language. The format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes. -- Do NOT use these methods! -- All uses should be pre-approved on the talk page! ]==] function Language:getRawData() local rawData = {} for _, element in ipairs(self._stack) do for k, v in pairs(element) do rawData[k] = v end end return rawData end  --[==[<span style="color: #BA0000">This function is not for use in entries or other content pages.</span> Returns a blob of data about the language that contains the "extra data". Much like with getRawData, the format of this blob is undocumented, and perhaps unstable; it's intended for things like the module's own unit-tests, which are "close friends" with the module and will be kept up-to-date as the format changes.]==] function Language:getRawExtraData() if #self._stack == 1 then self:loadInExtraData() end return self._extraData end  local function getRawExtraLanguageData(self, code) local modulename = export.getExtraDataModuleName(code) return modulename and self:loadData("Module:" .. modulename)[code] or nil end  function Language:loadInExtraData() if not self._extraData then -- load extra data from module and assign to _extraData field -- use empty table as a fallback if extra data is nil self._extraData = getRawExtraLanguageData(self, self._code) or {} end end  function export.getDataModuleName(code) local letter = match(code, "^(%l)[%l-]+$") if not letter then return nil elseif find(code, "-", 1, true) then return "languages/data/exceptional" end local code_len = #code return code_len == 2 and "languages/data/2" or code_len == 3 and "languages/data/3/" .. letter or nil end  function export.getExtraDataModuleName(code) local dataModule = export.getDataModuleName(code) return dataModule and dataModule .. "/extra" or nil end  do local key_types = { [2] = "unique", aliases = "unique", otherNames = "unique", type = "append", varieties = "unique" }  function export.makeObject(code, data, useRequire, dontCanonicalizeAliases) if not data then return nil end  -- Convert any aliases. local input_code = code code = normalize_code(code, useRequire) input_code = dontCanonicalizeAliases and input_code or code  if find(data.type, "family") and not data[5] then return make_family_object(code, data, useRequire) end  local parent if data[5] then parent = get_by_code(data[5], nil, true, true, useRequire) else parent = Language end parent.__index = parent  local lang = { _code = input_code, _useRequire = useRequire or nil } -- This can only happen if dontCanonicalizeAliases is passed to make_object(). if code ~= input_code then lang._main_code = code end  -- Full language. if not parent._stack then -- Create stack, accessed with rawData metamethod. local stack = parent._rawData and {parent._rawData, data} or {data} lang._stack = stack lang._rawData = setmetatable({}, { __index = function(t, k) local key_type = key_types[k] -- Data that isn't inherited from the parent. if key_type == "unique" then return stack[#stack][k] -- Data that is appended by each generation. elseif key_type == "append" then local parts = {} for i = 1, #stack do insert(parts, stack[i][k]) end if type(parts[1]) == "string" then return concat(parts, ","), true end -- Otherwise, iterate down the stack, looking for a match. else local i = #stack while not stack[i][k] and i > 1 do i = i - 1 end return stack[i][k] end end, -- Retain immutability (as writing to rawData will break functionality). __newindex = function() error("not allowed to edit rawData") end }) -- Full code is the parent code. lang._fullCode = parent._code or code -- Etymology-only. else -- Copy over rawData and stack to the new object, and add new layer to stack. lang._rawData = parent._rawData lang._stack = parent._stack insert(lang._stack, data) -- Copy full code. lang._fullCode = parent._fullCode end  return setmetatable(lang, parent) end make_object = export.makeObject end  --[==[Finds the language whose code matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">paramForError</code> is {{code|lua|true}}, a generic error message mentioning the bad code is generated; otherwise <code class="n">paramForError</code> should be a string or number specifying the parameter that the code came from, and this parameter will be mentioned in the error message along with the bad code. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology-only language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes.]==] function export.getByCode(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire) -- Track uses of paramForError, ultimately so it can be removed, as error-handling should be done by [[Module:parameters]], not here. if paramForError ~= nil then track("paramForError") end if type(code) ~= "string" then local typ if not code then typ = "nil" elseif check_object("language", true, code) then typ = "a language object" elseif check_object("family", true, code) then typ = "a family object" else typ = "a " .. type(code) end error("The function getByCode expects a string as its first argument, but received " .. typ .. ".") end  local m_data = conditionalRequire("Module:languages/data", useRequire) if m_data.aliases[code] or m_data.track[code] then track(code) end  local norm_code = normalize_code(code, useRequire) local modulename = export.getDataModuleName(norm_code)  local data = modulename and conditionalRequire("Module:" .. modulename, useRequire)[norm_code] or (allowEtymLang and require("Module:etymology languages/track-bad-etym-code")(norm_code) and conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/data", useRequire)[norm_code]) or (allowFamily and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data", useRequire)[norm_code]) or (allowEtymLang and allowFamily and require("Module:families/track-bad-etym-code")(norm_code) and conditionalRequire("Module:families/data/etymology", useRequire)[norm_code])  local retval = code and data and make_object(code, data, useRequire)  if not retval and paramForError then require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").code(code, paramForError, allowEtymLang, allowFamily) end  return retval end get_by_code = export.getByCode  --[==[Finds the language whose canonical name (the name used to represent that language on Wiktionary) or other name matches the one provided. If it exists, it returns a <code class="nf">Language</code> object representing the language. Otherwise, it returns {{code|lua|nil}}, unless <code class="n">paramForError</code> is given, in which case an error is generated. If <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified, etymology-only language codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. If <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified, language family codes are allowed and looked up along with normal language codes. The canonical name of languages should always be unique (it is an error for two languages on Wiktionary to share the same canonical name), so this is guaranteed to give at most one result. This function is powered by [[Module:languages/canonical names]], which contains a pre-generated mapping of full-language canonical names to codes. It is generated by going through the [[:Category:Language data modules]] for full languages. When <code class="n">allowEtymLang</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:etymology languages/canonical names]] may also be used, and when <code class="n">allowFamily</code> is specified for the above function, [[Module:families/canonical names]] may also be used.]==] function export.getByCanonicalName(name, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire) local byName = conditionalRequire("Module:languages/canonical names", useRequire) local code = byName and byName[name]  if not code and allowEtymLang then byName = conditionalRequire("Module:etymology languages/canonical names", useRequire) code = byName and byName[name] or byName[gsub(name, " [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or byName[gsub(name, "^a ", "")] or byName[gsub(name, "^a ", "") :gsub(" [Ss]ubstrate$", "")] or -- For etymology families like "ira-pro". -- FIXME: This is not ideal, as it allows " languages" to be appended to any etymology-only language, too. byName[match(name, "^(.*) languages$")] end  if not code and allowFamily then byName = conditionalRequire("Module:families/canonical names", useRequire) code = byName and byName[name] or byName[match(name, "^(.*) languages$")] end  local retval = code and get_by_code(code, errorIfInvalid, allowEtymLang, allowFamily, useRequire)  if not retval and errorIfInvalid then require("Module:languages/errorGetBy").canonicalName(name, allowEtymLang, allowFamily) end  return retval end  --[==[Used by [[Module:languages/data/2]] (et al.) to add default types to the entities returned.]==] function export.addDefaultTypes(data, regular, ...) local n = arg.n local types = n > 0 and concat(arg, ",") or "" for _, entity in next, data do -- "regular" encompasses everything that doesn't have another type already assigned. if regular then entity.type = entity.type or "regular" end if n > 0 then entity.type = types .. (entity.type and ("," .. entity.type) or "") end end return data end  --[==[Used by [[Module:languages/data/2]] (et al.) and [[Module:etymology languages/data]] to finalize language-related data into the format that is actually returned.]==] function export.finalizeLanguageData(data) -- 4 is scripts. local fields = {4, "ancestors", "link_tr", "override_translit", "type", "wikimedia_codes"} local fields_len = #fields for _, entity in next, data do for i = 1, fields_len do local key = fields[i] local field = entity[key] if field and type(field) == "string" then entity[key] = gsub(field, "%s+", "") end end end return data end  --[==[Used by [[Module:etymology languages/data]] and [[Module:families/data/etymology]] to finalize etymology-related data into the format that is actually returned.]==] function export.finalizeEtymologyData(data) local aliases = {} for _, entity in next, data do -- Move parent to 5 and family to 3. entity[5] = entity[3] entity[3] = entity.family entity.family = nil end for code, alias in next, aliases do data[code] = alias end return data end  --[==[For backwards compatibility only; modules should require the error themselves.]==] function export.err(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang) return require("Module:languages/error")(lang_code, param, code_desc, template_tag, not_real_lang) end  return export